Positioning for Skull, sinus, facial bones, mandible, nasal bones, and specialty views EXAM

PA Skull part position

OML perpendicular to IR

PA Skull central ray

Perpendicular exiting nasion

PA Skull collimation

10x12

PA Skull evaluation

Petrous ridges filling orbits

PA Axial (Caldwell) part position

OML and MSP perpendicular to IR

PA Axial (Caldwell) central ray

15 degrees caudal exiting nasion

PA Axial (Caldwell) collimation

10x12

PA Axial (Caldwell) evaluation

Petrous ridges in lower third of orbits

AP Axial (Towne) part position

Flex neck down placing OML or IOML perpendicular to IR

AP Axial (Towne) central ray

Enters 2.5 inches above glabella, 30 degrees caudal (OML) or 37 degrees caudal (IOML)

AP Axial (Towne) evaluation

Entire cranium, dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes within foramen magnum

PA Axial (Haas) part position

OML perpendicular to IR

PA Axial (Haas) central ray

25 degrees cephalad exiting 1.5 inches superior to nasion

PA Axial (Haas) evaluation

Dorsum sellae and posterior clinoids within foramen magnum

Lateral Skull part position

IPL perpendicular to IR, skull in true lateral

Lateral Skull central ray

Entering 2 inches superior to EAM

Lateral Skull collimation

10x12

Lateral Skull evaluation

Superimposed orbital roofs and mandibular rami

SMV Skull part position

Extend neck placing IOML parallel with IR

SMV Skull central ray

Perpendicular entering 1 inch anterior to EAM MSP

SMV Skull evaluation

Mandibular condyles anterior to petrous pyramids

Waters (Parietoacanthial) part position

MML perpendicular to IR and OML 37 degrees from IR

Waters central ray

Horizontal exiting acanthion

Waters collimation

8x10

Waters evaluation

Petrous ridges inferior to maxillary sinuses

The waters view demonstrates the

Maxillary sinuses

Open Mouth waters part position

Same as Waters; mouth open

Open Mouth waters central ray

Horizontal exiting acanthion

Waters Open Mouth sinus demonstrates ___

Sphenoid sinus

PA Axial Sinus (Caldwell) part position

OML perpendicular to IR

PA Axial Caldwell Sinus central ray

15 degrees caudal exiting nasion

PA Axial Sinus collimation

6x6

PA Axial Sinus evaluation

Petrous ridges in lower third of orbits

PA Axial Sinus sinus demonstrates…

Frontal sinuses

Caldwell Horizontal Beam part position

OML angled 15 degrees caudal from IR

Caldwell Horizontal Beam central ray

Horizontal exiting nasion

Caldwell Horizontal Beam purpose

Air fluid levels

Lateral Sinus part position

True lateral, IPL perpendicular to IR

Lateral Sinus central ray

0.5-1.5 inches posterior to outer canthus

Lateral Sinus collimation

6×6

Lateral Sinus evaluation

Superimposed orbital roofs and all sinuses

What view is this?

PA skull

What view is this?

PA Axial (Caldwell) skull

What view is this?

AP Axial (Towne) skull

What view is this?

Lateral skull

What view is this?

Lateral skull

What view is this?

SMV

What view is this?

Waters

What view is this?

Open mouth waters

What view is this?

PA Axial Caldwell sinus

What view is this?

Caldwell horizontal beam

What view is this?

Lateral sinus

Waters part position

Chin on bucky, OML 37 degrees from IR

Waters central ray

Horizontal, exiting acanthion

Waters facial bones/orbits collimation

8x10

Modified Waters part position

AML perpendicular to IR, OML 55 degrees to IR

Modified Waters central ray

Horizontal, exiting acanthion

Modified Waters collimation

Skin line to skin line

Caldwell facial (PA Axial) bones part position

OML perpendicular to IR, tuck in chin

Caldwell facial bones (PA Axial) central ray

15 degrees caudal, exiting nasion

Caldwell facial bones collimation

8x10

Lateral facial bones patient position

Affected side toward IR

Lateral facial bones part position

IOML parallel to IR

Lateral facial bones central ray

Enters lateral surface of zygomatic bone

Lateral facial bones collimation

6x10

Waters orbits part position

Same as facial bones Waters

Waters orbits central ray

Horizontal, exiting acanthion

Modified Waters orbits part position

OML forms 55 degrees to IR, AML perpendicular to IR

Modified Waters orbits central ray

Horizontal, exiting acanthion

Modified Waters orbits collimation

8x10

PA axial orbits part position

OML perpendicular to IR

PA axial orbits central ray

25 degrees caudal, exiting acanthion

PA axial orbits collimation

6x6

Lateral nasal bones part position

IPL perpendicular to IR, IOML parallel to IR

Lateral nasal bones central ray

0.5 inch inferior to nasion

Lateral nasal bones collimation

3x3

AP axial (Towne) mandible part position

Depress chin so that OML is perpendicular to IR, use IOML if needed

AP axial (Towne) mandible central ray

35 degrees caudal (OML) or 42 degrees caudal (IOML), centered to glabella

AP axial (Towne) mandible collimation

10x12 portrait

PA mandible part position

OML is perpendicular to IR

PA mandible central ray

Exiting acanthion

PA mandible collimation

8x10

Axiolateral oblique mandible part position

Rotate head 30 degrees toward IR until body of mandible is parallel to IR

Axiolateral oblique mandible central ray

25 cephalic, 1-2 inches inferior to gonion

Axiolateral oblique mandible collimation

8x10

IAC Stenvers part position

MSP 45 degrees to IR, affected side of face touching IR

IAC Stenvers central ray

12 degrees cephalic, 1 inch anterior to downside EAM

IAC Stenvers collimation

8x10

Axiolateral oblique TMJ (Modified law) part position

Cheek against bucky, MSP rotated 15 degrees toward IR, AML parallel to IR

axiolateral oblique TMJ (Modified law) central ray

15 degrees caudal, 1.5 inches superior to EAM

Axiolateral oblique TMJ (Modified law) collimation

5x5

Zygomatic SMV part position

Vertex on bucky, IOML parallel to IR

Zygomatic SMV central ray

Perpendicular to IOML, midway between gonions

Zygomatic SMV collimation

8x10 crosswise

Zygomatic tangential part position

Vertex on bucky, rotate 15 degrees toward affected side, tilt head 15 degrees away

Zygomatic tangential central ray

Perpendicular to IOML through zygomatic arch

Zygomatic tangential collimation

6x12

What is the degree difference between OML and IOML

7 degrees

What view is this?

Waters