A&P1 Exam 2

Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because:

They produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties 

Which statement is most correct concerning melanocytes?

 Melanocytes are spidery-shaped cells in contact with cells in the stratum basale 

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes:

accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer

Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because they ________

produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties

An epidermal dendritic (Langerhans') cell is best described as a

specialized immune cell 

An epidermal dendritic (Langerhans') cell is a specialized ________.

 phagocytic cell 

Which of the following statements is most true of keratinocytes?

Keratinocytes are able to synthesize the protein keratin 

Which of the following statements is most true of keratinocytes?

 Keratinocytes are contact inhibited 

Which of the following statements is most true of keratinocytes?

Keratinocytes are found throughout all epidermal strata

Which of the following statements is most true of keratinocytes?

Keratinocytes are sometimes alive and sometimes dead, depending on where they are found

Which of the following statements is most true of keratinocytes?

 Keratinocytes are the most abundant cell type in the epidermis 

Tactile (Merkel) cells are sensitive to:

Touch

Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans') cells function as part of the ______ response.

Immune

Which statement concerning muscle adaptation is most true?

Aerobic endurance training increases the number of capillaries and mitochondria in muscle fibers 

Which statement concerning muscle adaptation is most true?

Muscle fibers increase in cross-sectional area following training

Which statement concerning muscle adaptation is most true?

Proportion of muscle fibers are genetically determined

Which statement concerning muscle adaptation is most true?

Resistance and sprint training accommodates muscle hypertrophy 
Type II fibers have the greatest potential for hypertrophy 

Which component of the bone matrix is inorganic?

Mineral Salts

Which of the following is the primary mineral salt that forms hydroxyapatite crystals in bone tissue?

Calcium phosphate 

Osteoid is best defined as:

 the organic part of the bone matrix that gives it tensile strength 

Which bones articulate with the humerus?

Scapula, radius, and ulna

In anatomic position, the radius lies _____ to the ulna.

Medial

Which bone of the lower arm is the lateral bone?

Radius

Which bone of the lower arm is the medial bone?

Ulna

Which of the following bones contains diaphysis and epiphysis areas, a tuberosity near its middle, and is proportionally more compact than spongy bone?

Humerus

Which of the following bones is the long bone of the upper arm?

Humerus

The only direct connection between the shoulder girdle and the axial skeleton is where the _____ articulates with the _____.

clavicle, sternum 

Which bones comprise each shoulder girdle?

Scapula and clavicle 

What bone(s) does the clavicle articulate with?

Scapula and sternum 

The shoulder includes which of the following bones?

Humerus

The shoulder includes which of the following bones?

Scapula

The shoulder includes which of the following bones?

Clavicle

In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________.

Hyaline Cartilage

Which of the following statements best defines synchondroses?

  These are synarthrotic joints where hyaline cartilage unites the ends of bones 

Which of the following is a cartilaginous joint?

 Synchondroses

A slightly mobile joint is referred to as a(n) _________.

Amphiarthrosis 

The pubic symphysis is classified as a:

Cartilaginous joint and an amphiarthrosis 

What type of cartilage is located between the bones in a symphysis?

Fibrocartilage

The suture joint is found ________.

In the skull only

An immovable joint found only between skull bones is called a ________.

Suture

On the basis of structural classification, which joint is fibrous connective tissue?

Syndesmosis 

Fibrous joints are classified as ________.

Sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses 

A joint united by dense fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a ________.

Symphysis

A fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket is called a ________ joint.

Gomphoses 

The sagittal suture is a(n)

Fibrous joint 

Sutures are joints that are found:

  Between certain bones of the skull 

Gomphoses:

Are found only in tooth sockets 

The interosseous membrane between the radius and the ulna is an example of a:

  Syndesmosis

Structurally, a syndesmosis is a _________ joint; functionally, it is a __________.

Fibrous, amphiarthrosis 

Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are termed ________.

Amphiarthroses 

Which of the following best describes synarthrotic joints?

Permit essentially no movement 

Functionally, a gomphosis is categorized as a:

Synarthrosis 

A synarthrosis is:

Immobile

A synarthrotic joint would have:

Low mobility and high stability 

The phosphagen system is used for:

  Immediate ATP needs and is not dependent on oxygen 

Anaerobic cellular respiration is used for:

  Short term ATP needs and is not dependent on oxygen 

Aerobic cellular respiration is used for:

  Long term ATP needs and is dependent on oxygen

Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ________.

  Storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP 

Myokinase functions in the muscle cell by ________.

  Transfering Pi from ADP to another ADP to make ATP and AMP

ATPase functions in the muscle cell by ________.

  Hydrolyzing ATP into ADP and Pi

Anaerobic cellular respiration functions in the muscle cell to ________.

  Produce a small amount of ATP in the absence of oxygen 

Aerobic cellular respiration functions in the muscle cell to ________.

  Produce lots ATP in the presence of oxygen 

For a sprint lasting 60 seconds, ATP is supplied by:

  The phosphagen system initially, but then by anaerobic respiration

For a jog lasting 20 minutes, ATP is supplied by:

  Aerobic respiration only

The structure responsible for attaching muscle to bone is a:

Tendon

Each skeletal muscle is composed of _____________, which are bundles of muscle fibers.

  Fascicles 

The _____________ is the connective tissue covering of a fascicle.

  Perimysium 

The _____________ is the connective tissue that surrounds bundles of fascicles to form the skeletal muscle.

  Epimysium

The _____________ is the innermost connective tissue layer that surrounds each muscle fiber.

  Endomysium 

Of the following muscle types, which is multinucleate, possesses sarcomeres, and under voluntary control?

Skeletal muscle 

A skeletal muscle fiber is:

  A skeletal muscle cell 

Which is the correct order of the connective tissue layers of a skeletal muscle, beginning with the outermost first?

    1. Endomysium

    2. Epimysium

    3. Perimysium

  2, 3, 1 

Which is a correct listing of the hierarchy of a skeletal muscle's components, beginning with the smallest?

    1. Myofibrils

    2. Muscle fiber

    3. Fascicle

    4. Skeletal muscle

  1, 2, 3, 4 

The stratum _______ is only found in thick skin, such as the skin covering the palms and soles.

  Lucidum

Thick skin contains:

  Five epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands 

Which of the following layers of the epidermis is responsible for cell division and replacement?

  Stratum basale 

If a splinter penetrates into the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which layer would you find the tip of the splinter?

  Lucidum 

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

Corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale 

What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis?

Keratinized stratified squamous 

From deep to superficial, the order of the strata of the epidermis is

  Basale - spinosum - granulosum - lucidum - corneum 

Which of the following statements is most accurate concerning the stratum corneum?

  The cells of the stratum corneum are dead 

Which of the following statements is most accurate concerning the stratum corneum?

The cells of the stratum corneum lack organelles and a nucleus 

Which of the following statements is most accurate concerning the stratum corneum?

  The stratum corneum consists of about 15-30 cell layers 

Which of the following statements is most accurate concerning the stratum corneum?

  The stratum corneum consists of interlocking keratinized cells 

Which of the following statements is most accurate concerning the stratum corneum?

  The stratum corneum is the most superficial stratum 

Suppose you cut your finger only slightly in what is known as a "paper cut." You observe that the cut hurts but it doesn't bleed. Which of the following is the most likely interpretation your observation?

  Nerve endings occur in the epidermis but blood vessels do not 

The stratum _________ derives its name from the spiny appearance of the "bridges" that connect neighboring cells.

  Spinosum

Immune cells of the epidermis tend to be found in the stratum:

  Spinosum 

The receptors in the dermis responsible for detecting deep pressure and high-frequency vibration are:

  Pacinian corpuscles 

This receptor in the dermis detects continuous deep pressure and distortion of the skin.

  Ruffini corpuscles 

Phasic receptors in the dermis for light touch and texture are:

  Meissner's corpuscles

During muscle contraction, myosin heads attach to actin and thereby form connections called ______________.

  Crossbridges 

Which of the following statements concerning crossbridges is most accurate about crossbridges?

  Crossbridges are broken when ATP binds to myosin 

Which of the following statements concerning crossbridges is most accurate?

Crossbridges are formed between actin molecules and the globular heads of the myosin molecules 

Which of the following statements concerning crossbridges is most accurate?

  Crossbridges can only occur when tropomyosin in the thin filament is pulled aside 

Which of the following statements concerning crossbridges is most accurate?

  Crossbridge formation is dependent on Ca2+ availability

Which of the following statements concerning crossbridges is most accurate?

  Crossbridges lead to contraction when ATP is hydrolyzed 

During a cross-bridge cycle in skeletal muscle, the:

  Contraction results from myosin ATPase activity hydrolyzing ATP 

During a cross-bridge cycle in skeletal muscle, the:

  Crossbridges will continue to be formed as long as Ca2+ and ATP are available

During a cross-bridge cycle in skeletal muscle, the:

Linkage between actin and the myosin molecules is broken at the end of the crossbridge cycle as ATP binds to the myosin