World History I Final

The Silk Roads

A network of trade routes established during China's Han Dynasty that linked Rome, China, and other nations, facilitating trade of ideas, religions, and goods.

Buddhism

A major world religion founded on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha), focusing on the path to enlightenment and the cessation of suffering.

Karma

The concept that a person's actions, whether good or bad, influence their fate in future lives.

Dharma

The duties and responsibilities that individuals must follow according to their role in society.

Samsara

The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth that all living beings experience, characterized by suffering.

Nirvana

A state of ultimate peace and liberation from suffering, which can be achieved through spiritual practices.

Mandate Of Heaven

An ancient Chinese belief that a ruler's right to govern is granted by divine approval, as long as they govern wisely.

Confucianism

A philosophy emphasizing family relationships, social harmony, and the importance of education.

Filial Piety

The virtue of respect and duty that children owe to their parents and ancestors.

Civil Service Examination

A test used in ancient China to select government officials based on merit.

Legalism

A strict philosophical belief that a powerful government and harsh laws are necessary to maintain social order.

Daoism

A philosophy advocating for living in harmony with the natural world and following the 'Dao' or 'the Way'.

Innovation

The act of introducing new ideas or methods to solve problems or create improvements.

Collective Learning

The process in which groups share knowledge and experiences to solve problems and innovate.

Golden Age

Characterized by major achievements in culture, military power, and scientific advancements.

Hinduism

One of the oldest religions, rooted in Indian culture and characterized by a belief in karma, dharma, and reincarnation.

Atman

The individual soul in Hindu belief, which seeks to reunite with the universal spirit.

Moksha

The ultimate goal in Hinduism, where the soul is liberated from the cycle of rebirth.

Reincarnation

The belief that the soul is reborn into a new body after death.

Abraham

The patriarch of Judaism, who made a covenant with God and is considered the father of many nations.

Jesus

The central figure of Christianity known for his teachings and crucifixion.

Islam

A monotheistic religion founded by the Prophet Muhammad, emphasizing submission to the will of Allah.

Muhammad

The founder of Islam who is considered the last prophet in a long line of prophets.

Caliphates

Islamic states led by a caliph, considered a political and religious leader.

Trans-Saharan Trade

Trade across the Sahara Desert that facilitated the exchange of goods and cultural ideas between North and West Africa.

Gold-Salt Trade

The most significant trade in the Trans-Saharan network, with gold mainly from West Africa and salt from the Sahara.

Mali

A historic empire in West Africa known for its richness and cultural achievements, particularly under Mansa Musa.

Crusades

A series of religious wars initiated by European Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control.

The Renaissance

A cultural movement from the 14th to the 17th century marked by a revival of art, literature, and learning.

The Reformation

A religious movement in the 16th century that led to the establishment of Protestantism and challenged the Catholic Church.

Aristocrats/Aristocracy

A form of government where a small privileged group of people have control. This often leads to a hierarchy where those in power have significant influence over policies and decisions.

Autocracy

A system of government where a small group of people or one individual have all the power without being elected. In this system, the public has no say in political decisions, leading to potentially authoritarian rule.

Bureaucracy

A strict social structure with a clear hierarchy used to manage large groups. It includes specialized jobs and a merit-based system where everything is reported to higher authorities.

Commercialization

The process where new ideas and services are transformed into profitable products available to the public. This concept is crucial in understanding how economies function and innovate.

Cosmopolitan

Characterized by wide international sophistication without biases or prejudice. A cosmopolitan society celebrates diversity and embraces cultural exchange.

Golden Age

A peak period in society or a field marked by significant achievements in culture and science. This term often describes times when civilizations thrive in arts, learning, and governance.

Infrastructure

The system of public works in a country, state, or region, including the necessary resources like personnel and equipment for activities. Infrastructure is vital for supporting economic growth and public welfare.

Legitimacy

What gives one the right to rule, often derived from laws, traditions, or social contracts. Legitimacy is essential for maintaining authority and order in any governance system.

Merchants

Individuals who buy and sell commodities for profit and trade. Merchants play a crucial role in economies, especially through trade routes like the Silk Roads.

Monotheism

The belief that there is only one God. This concept contrasts with polytheistic beliefs and is central to religions like Christianity, Islam, and Judaism.

Natural Resources

Materials and substances that occur naturally in the environment and are used by humans for survival and production. Understanding natural resources is key to economic and environmental issues.

Pagan

A follower of a polytheistic or nature-worshipping religion. Originally used by Christians to describe anyone not of an Abrahamic faith, the term encompasses a variety of non-monotheistic beliefs.

Peasant

A poor, pre-industrial agricultural laborer or small-scale farmer. Peasants often make up the bulk of the population in agrarian societies and are crucial to food production.

Pluralism

The belief that diverse groups, beliefs, and cultures can coexist peacefully within a single society while maintaining their distinct identities. Pluralism enriches societies by promoting tolerance and cooperation.

Polytheism

The belief in more than one god. Many ancient religions practiced polytheism, reflecting a complex understanding of the divine.

Secular

Not relating to religion, emphasizing the 'here and now.' Secularization has influenced many aspects of modern society, separating religious institutions from governing bodies.

Urbanization

The process by which an increasing proportion of the population shifts from rural areas to urban centers, leading to the growth of cities and towns. Urbanization affects social structures and economic development.

Where is Mecca located?

Mecca is located in West Saudi Arabia.

Where is Timbuktu located?

Timbuktu is located in Mali.

Where is Jerusalem located?

Jerusalem is located in the middle of Israel.

What is the modern name and location of Constantinople/Byzantium?

Constantinople, now known as Istanbul, is located in modern-day Turkey.

Where is Chang’an located today?

Chang’an is located in modern-day Xi’an, Northwest China.

Where is Baghdad located?

Baghdad is the capital of Iraq.

Where is Rome located?

Rome is located in Western Italy.

Where was the Byzantine Empire located?

The Byzantine Empire was located in the eastern Mediterranean, between Europe and Asia.

Where did the Umayyad Islamic Empire extend?

The Umayyad Islamic Empire extended across North Africa and the Middle East.

Where are the Swahili Coast city-states located?

The Swahili Coast city-states are located along the Southeast African coast.

Where did the Tang Dynasty exist?

The Tang Dynasty was located in present-day China.

Where did the Mongol Empire span?

The Mongol Empire spanned across Europe and Asia.

Where was the Roman Empire located?

The Roman Empire was located in parts of Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa.

Where was the Empire of Mali located?

The Empire of Mali was located in West Africa.

Where is the Arabian Peninsula?

The Arabian Peninsula is located in the Middle East, with about 80% of it in Saudi Arabia.

Where is the Indian Ocean?

The Indian Ocean is located between Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia.

Where is the Pacific Ocean?

The Pacific Ocean is located between Asia and North America.

Where is the Atlantic Ocean?

The Atlantic Ocean is located between North America and Africa/Europe.

Where is the Mediterranean Sea?

The Mediterranean Sea is located within the territories that bordered the Roman Empire.

Where are the Himalayas located?

The Himalayas are located between modern-day Pakistan/India and China.

Where is the Sahara Desert located?

The Sahara Desert is located in Northern Africa.

What are some goods and ideas that were traded on the Silk Roads?

Silk, porcelain, tea, spices, jade, horses, agricultural goods, innovations (papermaking and gunpowder), religion, disease, etc.

What were some benefits of the Silk Roads?

Math, astronomy, and medicine from different places blended, technology spread, crops were introduced to new places, cities on the road became wealthy, etc.

What were some drawbacks of the Silk Roads?

Diseases spread quickly, wealth gaps grew, demand for luxury items led to the slave trade, etc.

Who used Legalism to govern the Qin Dynasty?

Shi Huangdi

How was Legalism used to govern the Qin Dynasty?

Harsh punishments were used to maintain order.

How did Daoism influence art and poetry?

Emphasis on nature and "going with the flow."

How did Buddhism spread to China?

Buddhist merchants went along the Silk Roads and created shrines and monasteries on their way that became religious centers and safe havens.

Why was China drawn to Buddhism?

Their previous values of Confucianism didn't explain the collapse caused by the fall of the Han Dynasty, whereas Buddhism acknowledged the suffering and provided a path to end it.

What were some innovations of the Tang and Song dynasties?

Moveable type, gunpowder, agriculture methods, poetry, paper money, art, etc.

What sparked urbanization in the Tang and Song dynasties?

New farming techniques allowed for less farmers to be needed, and more people could move to cities.

What was the importance of commercialization in the Tang and Song dynasties?

In the Tang dynasty, markets were heavily policed and facilitated by the government. In the Song dynasty, there were 24-hour commercial hubs with entertainment and a rise to capitalism.

What was the result of the rise of Confucianism in the Song dynasty?

Merchants were able to get rich and buy land/education for their children. Elites disliked this and pushed neo-confucianism, which emphasized ultra-traditional values and the social hierarchy.

What does Brahma look like?

Has four heads, one pointing in every direction. Sitting on a lotus flower.

What does Vishnu look like?

Holds a large staff/scepter.

What does Shiva look like?

Is blue. Holds a trident. Has a snake coiled around his neck.

Which two Hindu gods dislike each other?

Shiva and Vishnu, because Shiva wants to destroy whereas Vishnu wants to preserve.

What rule is known as the Golden Age of India?

Gupta Empire

What were some achievements of the Gupta Empire?

Approximation of pi, concept of zero, the Earth's tilt and the fact it revolves around the sun, etc.

What was a Mongol home called?

Ger

What was the Mongol religion?

Tengriism. They believed that the Sky God, Tenggeri, wanted them to conquer the world.

What was the Yam System?

Stations along the Silk Roads that were helpful for horses, camels, and messengers.

When were the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire?

Republic was 509-27 BC, Empire was 27 BC-476 CE

Why did the Byzantine Empire outlast the Western Roman Empire?

They were more wealthy and powerful, and the capital of Constantinople was fortified.

What was the Roman polytheistic religion?

The belief in many gods including Jupiter, Mars, and Venus.

How was Judaism treated by the Roman Empire?

Romans destroyed the Second Temple in Jerusalem and Jews were scattered, without a safe place.

How was Christianity treated by the Roman Empire?

At first, they faced brutal executions and were used as scapegoats for crises. However, it was later legalized by Emperor Constantine, and eventually, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of Rome.

What was the name of the council that decided that Jesus was fully divine?

The council of Nicea

How is Islam rooted in Judaism and Christianity?

All three religions believe in the same God, have prophets, trace their lineage back to Abraham, and have Jerusalem as a holy city. Jesus is important in both Islam and Christianity.

Why did the Islamic Empires have a strong military?

They thought it was their religious duty to conquer enemy territory. Each victory strengthened their faith.

Where exactly were the new trade cities created on the coast of East Africa?

Swahili Coast

What is the Muslim holy text?

The Qur'an

What is the Jewish holy text?

The Torah