AP HUG Units 1-4

Ecumene

The areas of permanent settlement of the Earth’s surface by humans.

Arithmetic Density

The number of people per square mile or per square kilometer; calculated by dividing the population of an area by its surface area.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of arable land; calculated by dividing the population by the arable land area.

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land; calculated by dividing the number of farmers by the arable land.

Demographic Transition Model

A model that describes the transition of a country from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as it develops.

Malthusian Theory

The theory positing that population grows geometrically while food supply grows arithmetically, leading to potential shortages.

Pro-natalist Policies

Policies that promote births, such as incentives for having children.

Anti-natalist Policies

Policies that seek to restrict births.

Refugee

A person forced to migrate due to negative situations like war or persecution.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

A person forced to migrate within their own country.

Transnational Migration

Migration where individuals maintain connections to their country of origin.

Transhumance

A cyclical migration of livestock between highland and lowland areas based on seasons.

Internal Migration

Permanent move within a country.

Chain Migration

Migration where a migrant has a relationship with someone already in a location.

Guest Workers

Temporary migrants with legal permission to work, often sending remittances back home.

Brain Drain

The emigration of highly trained or educated individuals seeking better opportunities.

Cultural Relativism

Evaluating a culture by its own standards to foster understanding.

Ethnocentrism

Evaluating another culture through the lens of one's own culture, often leading to beliefs of superiority.

Centripetal Forces

Factors that unite a group of people, such as a common language or strong nationalism.

Centrifugal Forces

Factors that divide a group of people, such as political unrest or economic inequality.

Types of Diffusion

Ways in which cultural phenomena spread, including relocation, contagious, hierarchical, and stimulus diffusion.

Acculturation

When a group adopts traits from another culture.

Creolization

The mixing of cultural traits, primarily languages.

Lingua Franca

A language mutually understood by the members of a society.

Cultural Divergence

When people leave their culture or abandon elements of it.

Cultural Convergence

When people start to develop a mass, global culture.

Universalizing Religion

Religions that seek to convert as many individuals as possible.

Ethnic Religion

Religions that remain close to home and do not seek converts.

Monotheistic

Worshipping one deity.

Polytheistic

Worshipping many deities.

Assimilation

When a minority group adopts the dominant culture.

Syncretism

The blending and merging of different cultures.

Multiculturalism

Cultural diversity within a society, often due to immigration.

Sequent Occupance

The cultural marks left on a landscape by various groups over history.

Nation-State

A state where the borders of a national group coincide with the borders of the state.

Stateless Nation

A national group spread across multiple states with little to no political power.

Multinational State

A country with several national groups within its borders.

Multi-State Nation

A national group's homeland that spreads across multiple countries.

Autonomous Regions

Defined areas within a state with a high degree of self-governance.

Colonialism

The practice of claiming and settling territories for economic and social control.

Neocolonialism

The continued economic and political influence of developed countries over developing countries.

Chokepoints

Geographical areas that create narrow openings affecting trade and travel.

Superimposed Boundary

Boundaries drawn by outside powers ignoring existing cultural and social differences.

Boundary Dispute: Definitional (Positional)

Conflicts over the interpretation of defining documents.

UNCLOS

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which regulates maritime boundaries.

Gerrymandering

The manipulation of electoral district boundaries to favor one party.

Unitary State

A government structure where power is concentrated in a central authority.

Federal State

A government structure where power is shared between national and local assemblies.

Supranationalism

When multiple countries form an organization to achieve common goals.

topographic map

a detailed two dimensional representation of earth's three dimensional surface that shows the shape of the land and the location and elevation of natural or man-made features

choropleth maps

a thematic map that is used to represent statistical data using the color mapping symbology technique