Anatomy Vocabulary

abduction

movement away from the midline

adduction

movement toward the midline

flexion

decreasing the angle at a joint

extension

increasing the angle at a joint

elevation

moving a body part superiorly

depression

moving a body part inferiorly

protraction

moving a body party anteriorly

retraction

moves a body part posteriorly

pronation

palms facing posteriorly

superiorly

palms facing anteriorly

belly

part of the muscle that is fleshy, contains the contractile elements

tendon

thick connective tissue that connects muscle belly to the bone

aponeurosis

a broad, flat tendon

synergist

muscles that work together to share an action

antagonists

muscles working against each other w/ opposing actions

visceral peritoneum

lines the inner tube

parietal peritoneum

lines the outer tube

serous fluid

fills the peritoneal cavity

peritonitis

inflammation of the peritoneal cavity

mesentery

support conduit for the inner tube, connects it with outer tube

contains vasculature and connective tissue

fibrous, parietal, visceral

3 layers of the pericardial cavity from outer to inner

coelom

a layer of “potential” space, usually very thin

separated the inner and outer tube and is filled w/ serous fluid

somatic/parietal

outer tube contains these types of nerves

somatic/parietal

skin, skeletal muscle, nerves, bones

visceral/splanchnic

inner tube contains these types of nerves

cardiac, smooth muscle

types of visceral motor neurons

skeletal muscle

types of somatic motor neurons

outer tube

ectoderm lined with mesoderm of worm person

becomes the striated skeletal muscles, skin, bones, and nerves

inner tube

endoderm lined with mesoderm of worm person

becomes the digestive, cardiac, and respiratory organs and visceral/splanchnic motor neurons

autonomic nervous system

nerves derived from the inner tube

becomes the enteric, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous systems

somatic nervous system

nerves derived from the outer tube

afferent

sensory neurons

efferent

motor neurons

thoracolumbar

sympathetic nervous system is derived from these spinal nerves

craniosacral

parasympathetic nervous system is derived from these spinal nerves

dorsal horn

part of the spinal cord containing the interneurons and sensory synapses

lateral horn

contains sympathetic pre-ganglionic cell bodies

ventral horn

somatic motor neuron & synapses

white matter

myelinated nerve tracts make up the ____________ of the spinal cord/brain

gray matter

the cell bodies & unmyelinated axons make up the _____ of the spinal cord/brain

errector spinae

the dorsal rami innervates these muscles

dorsal rami

where do the nerves innervating postural muscles and the skin overlying them originate from

hypaxial

meaning all ventral muscles

but in humans, it really just means all muscles aside from the epaxials, which are innervated by the ventral rami

somatic

what type of neuronal pathway goes directly from the CNS to the skeletal muscle

sympathetic

what type of neuronal pathway contains a short pre-granglionic neuron and long post-ganglionic neuron

parasympathetic

what type of neuronal pathway contains a long pre-ganglionic neuron and short post-ganglionic neuron

Pectoralis Major

What muscle is this?

shoulder adduction, medial rotation, and flexion

What is the action of this muscle?

clavicle, sternum

What is the origin of this muscle?

humerus

what is the insertion of this muscle?

medial, lateral pectoral nerve

What is the innervation of this muscle?

deltoid

what muscle is this?

shoulder abduction, flexion, and extension

Action?

Axillary nerve

Innervation?

Clavicle, acromion, spine

Origin?

Humerus

Insertion?

External Oblique

What muscle is this?

Abdominal rotation and pressurization

Action?

Ribs 5-12

Origin?

Linea alba, pelvis

Insertion?

T7-12

Innervation?

Serratous Anterior

What muscle is this?

Shoulder protraction

Action?

Ribs 1-9

Origin?

medial scapula

insertion?

Long thoracic nerve

Innervation?

Pectoralis minor

What muscle is this?

shoulder protraction

action?

Ribs 3-5

Origin?

Medial pectoral nerve

Innervation?

Coracoid process

Insertion?

nerves

axons in the peripheral nervous system are called

tracts

axons in the central nervous system are called

7

How many cervical vertebrae are there

12

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

5

How many (fused) sacral vertebrae are there?

Conus medularis

What is the bottom part of the spinal cord called?

Cauda equina

What is the bundle of nerves under the spinal cord that innervate L1-5 and S1-5 called?

8

How many cervical nerves are there?