Binocular Vision and Auditory Perception

Flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture on binocular vision and auditory perception.

Probability summation is the increased probability of detecting a stimulus from __________.

having two or more samples.

Binocular summation is the combination of signals from each eye in ways that make performance on many tasks better with __________ than either eye alone.

both eyes.

Binocular disparity is the difference between two __________ images of the same scene.

retinal.

Stereopsis is a vivid perception of __________ from binocular vision.

3-dimensionality.

Monocular depth cues evaluate depth using only __________ eye.

one.

Monocular is vision using only one eye; depth and distance are judged by using cues like __________, size, motion, and perspective.

depth.

Oculomotor depth cues are created by __________ movements and muscle adjustments.

eye.

Binocular vision allows for more accurate depth perception through differences between the images each eye __________.

sees.

Metrical depth cues provide quantitative information about __________ in the third dimension.

distance.

Nonmetrical depth cues provide information about depth order, but not __________ magnitude.

depth.

Occlusion is a cue to relative depth order in which one object __________ the view of another.

partially obstructs.

Relative size is a comparison of size between items without knowing the __________ size of either one.

absolute.

Relative height means objects that touch the ground appear to be __________ away.

farther.

Texture gradient indicates that objects farther away appear __________ than closer objects.

smaller.

Familiar size influences our perception of __________ based on our understanding of typical object sizes.

depth.

Aerial perspective is based on the understanding that __________ is scattered by the atmosphere.

light.

Linear perspective is a cue allowing the visual system to judge distance by interpreting the __________ of parallel lines.

convergence.

A vanishing point is when lines appear to meet at a point, and one seems to __________ behind the other.

disappear.

Shading and shadowing create the illusion of __________ on a two-dimensional surface.

depth.

Deletion refers to the gradual __________ of a moving object as it passes another object.

occlusion.

Accretion is the gradual __________ of a moving object as it emerges from behind another object.

reappearance.

Motion parallax states that images closer to the observer move faster across the __________ than images farther away.

visual field.

Kinetic depth effects describe the perception of a 3D structure generated from a __________ projection of a moving object.

2D.

Accommodation allows the eye to adjust its __________ to see objects at different distances.

focus.

Vergence is essential in __________ movements that allow depth perception.

eye.

Corresponding retinal points are points on the retina of each eye where monocular images of a single object are formed at the same __________ from the fovea.

distance.

The horopter is the location of objects whose images lie on the corresponding points, forming the surface of zero __________.

disparity.

Panum’s fusional area is a region of space in which __________ vision is possible.

binocular single.

Diplopia is defined as __________ vision.

double.

Crossed disparity occurs when an object is __________ than the focus point.

closer.

Uncrossed disparity occurs when an object is __________ than the point you are focusing on.

farther.

A stereoscope is a device for presenting one image to one eye and another image to the __________ eye.

other.

A random dot stereogram is made of a large number of randomly placed __________.

dots.

Stereoblindness is the inability to make use of __________ as a depth cue.

binocular disparity.

Free fusion is a technique of converging or diverging the eyes to view a __________ without a stereoscope.

stereogram.

The correspondence problem involves figuring out which bit of the image in the left eye should match with which bit in the __________ eye.

right.

To help solve the correspondence problem, blurring the image helps by leaving only low-spatial frequency __________.

information.

The uniqueness constraint states that a feature is represented exactly __________ in each retinal image.

once.

The continuity constraint observes that neighboring points lie at similar __________ from the viewer.

distances.

The brain senses __________ features to solve the correspondence problem.

dissimilar.

Motion disparity refers to differences in perception based on __________ movement.

relative.

The Ponzo illusion exemplifies a depth perception __________ created by linear perspective.

illusion.

The Zollner illusion manipulates line orientation to create misleading depth perception due to __________ lines.

overlapping.

Binocular rivalry occurs when two eyes compete for __________ perception of a stimulus.

visual.

Stereoacuity is a measure of the smallest __________ that can generate a sensation of depth.

binocular disparity.

Dichoptic presentation means showing two different stimuli in each __________.

eye.

Strabismus is a misalignment in each of the two eyes, leading to improper __________ projection.

image.

Exotropia occurs when the nonfoveal eye is turned __________.

outward.

Esotropia occurs when the nonfoveal eye is turned __________.

inward.

Amblyopia is a vision development disorder where one eye fails to reach normal __________ acuity.

visual.

Suppression is the inhibition of an __________ image.

unwanted.

The Waterfall illusion occurs after viewing a waterfall, followed by the perception of rocks appearing to __________ upward.

move.

Motion aftereffect refers to the illusion of motion of a stationary object after exposure to a __________ object.

moving.

Interocular transfer denotes the transfer of an effect from one eye to the __________.

other.

A Reichardt detector describes how organisms perceive __________ movement.

directional.

Apparent motion is the illusory impression of smooth motion caused by the rapid __________ of objects in different locations.

alternation.

The wagon wheel effect is an optical illusion where rotating objects appear to __________ due to brain processing.

slow down.

An aperture is an opening that allows only a __________ view of an object.

partial.

The aperture problem arises when motion information from several local __________ can be combined to determine global motion.

apertures.

Global motion detectors combine motion information from __________ local apertures.

several.

The middle temporal area (MT or V5) is specialized for perception of __________ motion.

global.

Akinetopsia is a disorder in which individuals have no perception of __________.

motion.

First-order motion is defined by changes in __________ of an object.

luminance.

The optic array is a collection of light rays that interact with __________ in the viewer's world.

objects.

Optic flow describes changing angular positions of points in a __________ image as we move.

perspective.

Focus of expansion is the point from which, when in motion, all points in the perspective image seem to __________.

emanate.

Biological motion refers to the pattern of __________ of all animals.

movement.

Eye movement can be either voluntary or __________ shifts that allow visual tracking.

involuntary.

The image-retina system is based on a moving external stimulus that stimulates __________ retinal loci.

adjacent.

The eye-head system is crucial for maintaining focus on objects while __________.

moving.

The superior colliculus is important in initiating and guiding __________ movements.

eye.

Smooth pursuit refers to continuous movements that allow tracking of __________.

objects.

Saccades are rapid eye movements that change fixation from one __________ to another.

object.

Microsaccades are small, jerk-like __________ eye movements.

involuntary.

Vergence movements involve the two eyes moving in __________ directions.

opposite.

Reflexive eye movements are automatic and __________ movements of the eyes.

involuntary.

Optokinetic nystagmus tracks continually moving objects to help with __________ stabilization.

image.

Saccadic suppression reduces visual sensitivity during __________ eye movements.

saccadic.

An efference copy is when a motor command is __________ and sent to sensory areas.

copied.

A comparator receives one copy of the motor order issued when the __________ move.

eyes.

The autokinetic effect occurs when a stationary point of light appears to __________ in the dark.

move.

Sound is defined as __________ created when pressure changes occur.

vibrations.

Echo is the loudest reflected __________ from a surface back to the listener.

sound.

A longitudinal wave is the visual representation of __________ when pressure changes.

vibrations.

Amplitude measures the magnitude of __________ of a sound pressure wave.

displacement.

Frequency is the number of times per second that a pattern of pressure changes __________.

repeats.

Loudness is the psychological aspect of sound related to perceived __________.

intensity.

Pitch is related to the perceived __________ of sound.

frequency.

Hertz (Hz) is a unit for measuring __________.

frequency.

Decibels (dB) are units representing the physical __________ of sound.

intensity.

Humans can hear a range of sound frequencies approximately between __________ Hz.

20 to 20,000.

A pure tone consists of __________ waveforms.

sine.

Complex sounds are composed of a fundamental __________ and multiple harmonics.

tone.

Fourier analysis decomposes a complex function into __________ sinusoidal components.

simpler.

The fundamental frequency is the lowest-frequency component of a __________ sound.

complex.

Timbre is the ability to distinguish two sounds that share the same __________ and pitch.

loudness.

The outer ear consists of the __________ and ear canal.

pinnae.

The tympanic membrane is the border between the outer and __________ ear.

middle.

The middle ear contains three tiny bones called __________ that amplify sound.

ossicles.

The oval window is the border between the middle ear and the __________ ear.

inner.