Module 10: The end of the 1960s

What were the historical and global contexts of the Civil Rights Movement?

• Ida B. Wells pushed against lynching which was very prominent in the 1800s and that was one of the first pushes against, she runs an anti-lynching campaign

• Protesting a race riot in St. Louis,”Mr. President, why not make America safe for democracy”

• pointing out the presidents goal of having a safe democracy, tying to his progressive goals

• WW2

  • democracy and jobs

  • Saying that black people can be apart of fighting in the war but not part of the country

  • Jobs were very patchy for African Americans

• Cold war → decolonization (India gaining freedom from Britain)

  • People were wondering why they should come to the US if we have so much racism

How did the Civil Rights Movement evolve over time?

• First generation was A.T Walden which emphasized local pragmatism where he worked to better the local black community in any way that they could.

• Second generation was Thurgood Marshal is a lawyer based in NYC and led the legal team, where he argued for Brown v. Board of Education that integrates schools. Takes a national court approach

• Third Generation is college students develop in the 1960s, they develop lunch counter sit ins, so forceable integrate, forcing it to happen now and not in years after the court cases are finished.

The thing to highlight is that older people had their way of working through problems legally but the younger generations are tired of waiting and wanting direct action.

What was the impact of Brown v. Board?

Took about 20 years to go through their plan, fighting that “separate but equal” was not fair or equal. Putting in the equal protection clause, equal protection by the 14th amendment. Some school zones closed all of their schools instead of letting black children into their schools. It was a bad look on America because it showed that America’s democracy was lacking.

How do we define the late 1960s and early 1970s?

characterizing sixties liberalism actually occurred afterward. Though these historical markers are symbolic rather than real, I will argue that “the sixties” began with the assassination of John Kennedy in 1963 and ended with the resignation of Richard Nixon in 1974."

What different social movements developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s?

• men having long hair, women being more appreciated.

• Chicano movement

  • Creation of the MAPA and MALDF which advocated for Mexican immigrants

  • better conditions for farm workers

  • Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta

• creation of the NIYC which advocated for Native American University students

• creation of the AIM which is the American Indian movement

• Feminist Movement

  • Change was recommended in areas of employment practices, federal tax and benefit policies affecting women’s income, labor laws, and services for women as wives, mothers, and workers.

  • Sponsored by the National Organization for Women (NOW), the 1970 protest focused on employment discrimination, political equality, abortion, free childcare, and equality in marriage.

• Stonewall Riots

  • NYC 1969, Gay Rights Movement

• 1971 Attica Prison Uprising

  • prisoners demanding better working conditions

What is the Red Power Movement?

Red Power Movement is credited with ending the federal policy of termination, which sought to strip tribal members of their rights, their identities, and their ancestral lands by revoking the recognition of tribal citizenship

Which of the following best describes A.T. Walden's approach to Civil Rights?

• He argued big Supreme Court cases, like Brown v Board.

• He worked to empower working-class people, like sharecroppers.

• He was pragmatic and negotiated with white leaders.

• He advocated for non-violent marches and protests.

• He was pragmatic and negotiated with white leaders.

Which of the following best describes how the Cold War impacted Civil Rights?

• It created a world stage in which U.S. racial issues were judged by other countries.

• It had little impact on the Civil Rights movement.

• It influenced the activism of Civil Rights leaders.

• It forced the Soviet Union to also deal with racial segregation.

• It created a world stage in which U.S. racial issues were judged by other countries.

Which of the following best describes how World War 2 impacted the Civil Rights movement?

• It set back the Civil Rights movement.

• It helped to provide economic stability for the black community.

• It inspired the non-violent actions of Martin Luther King Jr.

• It brought new forms of Jim Crow laws in the South.

• It helped to provide economic stability for the black community.

Which option best describes the Red Power movement?

• A movement that struggled to gain support among younger Native peoples who had integrated into mainstream culture.

• A movement that featured Native peoples coming together across tribes to push back against Federal policy changes.

• A movement of rural Native peoples who fought against urbanization.

• A movement that featured conflict between Native tribes over how to engage with the Civil Rights movement.

• A movement that featured Native peoples coming together across tribes to push back against Federal policy changes.

Which of the following best describes the social situation of the early 1970s?

• A growth of Americans supportive of the Vietnam War.

• A conservative backlash against the Civil Rights movement.

• A rise of new movements for equality that followed the tactics of the Civil Rights movement.

• An expansion of the Civil Rights movement by black Americans.

• A rise of new movements for equality that followed the tactics of the Civil Rights movement.

Which of the following best describes the Chicano movement?

• A labor movement pushing for better conditions for farm workers.

• A group pushing against discrimination against Mexican-Americans in Texas.

• A movement advocating for increased border security.

• A group pushing to end immigration restrictions from Latin America.

• A labor movement pushing for better conditions for farm workers.