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39 Terms
Who studied iconic memory using a tachistoscope?
George Sperling
What did George Sperling do?
Briefly flashed letters on a screen using a tachistoscope.
What did Sperling find?
People could briefly retain a visual image after it disappeared.
What did Sperling's study prove?
Iconic memory exists.
Who used 2,300 nonsense syllables to study memory?
Hermann Ebbinghaus
What are nonsense syllables?
Meaningless combinations such as BOK, YAT, and LEF.
What did Ebbinghaus discover?
The learning curve and the importance of distributed practice.
What did Ebbinghaus conclude about studying?
Distributed practice is better than cramming.
Who divided long-term memory into semantic and episodic memory?
Endel Tulving
What is Tulving known for?
Distinguishing semantic memory from episodic memory.
Who searched for the engram using rats?
Karl Lashley
What is an engram?
A hypothetical physical memory trace in the brain.
What did Karl Lashley do?
Removed parts of rats' brains to locate memory storage.
What did Lashley conclude?
Memory is distributed throughout the brain rather than stored in one location.
Who conducted the car crash study?
Loftus and Palmer
What did Loftus and Palmer do?
Showed participants a car accident and changed the wording of questions.
What words were used in Loftus and Palmer's study?
Contacted, Hit, Bumped, Collided, and Smashed.
Which word produced the highest speed estimates?
Smashed.
What did Loftus and Palmer conclude?
Memory can be distorted by wording and schemas.
What is Elizabeth Loftus famous for?
Research on eyewitness testimony.
What did Elizabeth Loftus show?
Eyewitness memories can be inaccurate and easily influenced.
Who believed hypnosis is simply suggestibility?
Theodore Barber
What did Theodore Barber conclude?
Hypnosis is not a special state of consciousness; it is suggestibility.
Who developed Neodissociation Theory?
Ernest Hilgard
What is Neodissociation Theory?
Consciousness separates into different levels during hypnosis.
What is Hilgard's Hidden Observer?
A part of the mind that remains aware during hypnosis.
Who studied biofeedback and headaches?
Thomas Budzynski
What did Budzynski investigate?
Whether biofeedback could reduce tension headaches.
What did Budzynski find?
People using biofeedback experienced fewer headaches.
What did Budzynski's study support?
Biofeedback can help people control bodily functions and reduce symptoms.
Who believed dreams contain hidden meanings and wishes?
Sigmund Freud.
What did Freud believe about dreams?
Dreams reveal unconscious desires and conflicts.
Who believed dreams are a by-product of brain activity?
Nathaniel Kleitman.
What did Kleitman conclude?
Dreams may simply result from normal brain activity during sleep.
Who proposed the mental housekeeping theory?
Francis Crick.
What is the mental housekeeping theory?
Dreams help remove unnecessary memories and information.
Who studied insight learning using chimpanzees?
Wolfgang Köhler.
What did Köhler's chimpanzees do?
Stacked boxes together to reach bananas.
What did Köhler conclude?
Problems can sometimes be solved through sudden insight rather than trial and error.