Terms for exam/hard ones

quadrant

One quarter of a circle; one of four regions of the surface of the abdomen

Thorax

The part of the trunk between the abdomen and the neck

umbilicus

Pit in the abdomen where the umbilical cord entered the fetus

caudal

Pertaining to or nearer to the tailbone

capsule

Fibrous tissue layer surrounding a joint or other structure

cartilage

Nonvascular, firm connective tissue found mostly in joints

collagen

Major protein of connective tissue, cartilage, and bone

cruciate

Shaped like a cross

ligament

Band of fibrous tissue connecting two structures

matrix

Substance that surrounds and protects cells, is manufactured by the cells, and holds them together

meniscus

Disc of cartilage between the bones of a joint

muscle

A tissue consisting of contractile cells

cytogenetics

Study of chromosomal abnormalities in a cell

dysmorphology

Study of developmental structural defects

dysmorphic

Possessing a developmental structural defect

embryo

Developing organism from conception until the end of the eighth week

fetus

Human organism from the end of the eighth week to birth

predictive

The likelihood of a disease or disorder being present or occurring in the future

therapy

Systematic treatment of a disease, dysfunction, or disorder

therapeutic

Relating to the treatment of a disease or disorder

therapist

Professional trained in the practice of a particular therapy

chromatin

DNA that forms chromosomes during cell division

chromosome

The body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

The chemical repository of hereditary characteristics

epigenetics

The study of disorders produced by the effects of chemical compounds (e.g., pollutants) or environmental influences (such as diet) on genes

gene

The functional unit of heredity on a chromosome Pertaining to genetics

genome

A complete set of chromosomes

helix

A spiral of nucleotides in the structure of DNA

heredity

The transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring

hereditary

Transmissible from parent to offspring

histone

A simple protein found in the cell nucleus

karyotype

The chromosome characteristics of an individual cell

mitosis

Cell division to create two identical cells, each with 46 chromosomes

mutation

A permanent alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome

nucleotide

Combination of a DNA base, a sugar molecule, and a phosphate molecule

phenotype

Manifestation of a genome

replicate

To produce an exact copy

anabolism

The buildup of complex substances in the cell from simpler ones as a part of metabolism

catabolism

The breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones as a part of metabolism

chromosome

Body in the nucleus that contains DNA and genes

cytoplasm

Clear, gelatinous substance that forms the substance of a cell, except for the nucleus

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Source of hereditary characteristics found in chromosomes

electrolyte

Substance that, when dissolved in a suitable medium, forms electrically charged particles

endoplasmic reticulum

Structure inside a cell that synthesizes steroids, detoxifies drugs, and manufactures cell membranes

hormone

Chemical formed in one tissue or organ and carried by the blood to stimulate or inhibit a function of another tissue or organ Pertaining to a hormone

intracellular

Within the cell

lipid

General term for all types of fatty compounds; for example, cholesterol, triglycerides, and fatty acids

membrane

Thin layer of tissue covering a structure or cavity Pertaining to a membrane

metabolism

The constantly changing physical and chemical processes occurring in the cell that are the sum of anabolism and catabolism

mitochondria

Organelles that generate, store, and release energy for cell activities

nucleolus

Small mass within the nucleus

nucleus

Functional center of a cell or structure Pertaining to a nucleus

protein

Class of food substances based on amino acids

ribonucleic acid (RNA

The information carrier from DNA in the nucleus to an organelle to produce protein molecules

steroid

Large family of chemical substances found in many drugs, hormones, and body components

atom

A small unit of matter

cell

The smallest unit of the body capable of independent existence

conception

Fertilization of the egg by sperm to form a zygote

cytology

Study of the cell

cytologist

Specialist in the structure, chemistry, and pathology of the cell

fertiliz/ation

Union of a male sperm and a female egg

fertilize in vitro

Penetration of the egg by sperm In vitro fertilization is the process of combining sperm and eggs in a laboratory dish and placing resulting embryos inside a uterus

molecule

Very small particle consisting of two or more atoms held tightly together Pertaining to a molecule.

organ

Structure with specific functions in a body system

organelle

Part of a cell having specialized function(s)

organism

Any whole living, individual plant or animal

tissue

Collection of similar cells

zygote

Cell resulting from the union of sperm and egg

ureter

Tube that connects a kidney to the urinary bladder

 urethra

Canal leading from the bladder to the outside

ganglion

A fluid-filled cyst or a collection of nerve cells outside the brain and spinal cord

ileum

Third portion of the small intestine

ilium

Large wing-shaped bone at the upper and posterior part of the pelvis

infarct

An area of cell death resulting from blockage of its blood supply