geography

The First Steps of Industrialization
(1930)

The moment when President Getulio Vargas started the first factories in Brazil.

Brazil's
Historical Economic Model

An agro-export economy that depended almost entirely on the sale of agricultural products to other countries.

Main Export
Product (19th Century -
Early 20th Century)

Coffee

The Crisis of 1929

A big global crisis that left Brazilian

coffee with no buyers.

Import
Replacement

The economic strategy (created by Vargas) of creating a national industry to sell Brazilian products to Brazilian buyers

Light Industries (Fase 1)

The expansion of simple factories that made clothing (cotton) and food.

The Creation of CLT

The new labor laws that gave rights to workers so they had money to buy factory products.

The Estado Novo (1937 - 1945)

The dictatorship period of Getúlio Vargas focused on modernizing Brazilian industry.

Heavy Industries (Fase 2)

Big public factories like CSN (steel) and Vale (mining) created because they were too expensive for private owners.

Petrobras (Fase 3)

The public oil company created by Vargas during his last government to give energy to the country.

The Target Plan

The economic plan of President JK to develop Brazil "50 years in 5".

The Economic Tripod

The division of work between public capital, private capital, and international capital.

International Capital in JK Era

Foreign companies that came to Brazil to build technological products like cars (automobiles).

The Construction of Brasília (1960)

Moving the capital city to the center of Brazil to bring roads and industries to that region.

Regional Development Poles

Specific regions created by the government with no taxes and good infrastructure to attract factories and generate jobs.

The Economic Miracle

A period of very fast industrial growth and big projects like the Rio-Niterói Bridge.

Negative Consequences of the Military Period

High external debt and a big increase in social inequality (rich people became richer, poor people stayed poor).

Privatization

The sale of state companies to private entrepreneurs to reduce government spending.

Regulatory Agencies

Government organizations created to supervise private companies and punish them if necessary.

industrial Concentrated Desconcentration

Factories left capitals for the interior because it was cheaper, had less traffic, and lower salaries. They stayed in the South and Southeast.

Gentrification

The modernisation of an old neighbourhood. The local economy improves and rents rise, which makes poor residents need to move

The Housing Problem

Favelas. Poorly built neighborhoods with very little infrastructure

Urbanization

Population growth in cities. The process of transforming rural space into urban space, stimulated by rural exodus.

Megacity

Cities with more than 10 million inhabitants.

Conurbation

When a large area of several cities or towns connects to each other, making it hard to see where each starts

Megalopolis

Connection between two or more megacities. A dense network of urban centers.

Demetropolization

People and industries moving to smaller cities for better living conditions. Its a involution process

Urban macrocephaly

Massive concentration in one city.

Socio-spatial segregation

Social inequality in urban spaces.

Brazil's transportation before 1950

Trains (railways) and boats. The goal was to transport coffee from farms to the ports.

Transportation in 1950s JK Government.

Changed focus to roads. Opened car factories and built the new capital, Brasília.

1970s Military Government

Focus on territorial integration. Built major highways in the Amazon to connect isolated regions

Main change in factory work.

Less physical strength and more managing systems. Workers use robots and computers connected to the internet

Industry 4.0 in modern factories

Robots, automation, and internet connection. Workers need new skills to manage systems

Circular economy

Companies must recycle the packaging or products they sell.

Brazil's import and service trend

Importing everyday items and growth in services