bio 1 chapter NSMO

Cell

the structural and functional unit of an organism

Prokaryotic cell

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles

Eukaryotic cell

A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles

Protoplasm

The living substance of a cell, comprising the cytoplasm and nucleus

Organization

Presence of organs, starting from the cell and ending with the organ system

Growth

Increase in size and weight

Reproduction

Increase in number of individuals of the species

Protoplasm

The living substance of a cell, comprising the cytoplasm and nucleus

Response

Sensitivity to internal and external stimuli and producing an appropriate response

Excretion

Maintaining homeostasis by eliminating wastes

Adaptation

Making structural and behavioral changes to cope with the environment

Unicellular

Made of one single cell

Multicellular

Made of more than one cell

DNA structure for Eukaryotic cells

Linear DNA Organized into chromosomes

DNA structure for Prokaryotic cells

Circular DNA (Plasmid may be present)

Plastids

A group of membrane‐bound organelles found in plant cells

Centrosome

A non-membrane-bound organelle that organizes microtubules and helps form the spindle during cell division

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein fibers that supports the cells, gives it shape and anchors organelles inside the cell, also contributes to regulating the movement of organelles within the cell

Cell wall

A perforated membrane that allows materials to pass in and out of the cell, its function is to provide structure and support

Cell membrane

Double layer of phospholipids and proteins. Selectively permeable, Defines the boundaries of the cell and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cell

Nucleus

Storage of genetic information - Production of DNA and RNA - Control and command center of the cell

Ribosome

Protein synthesis - Found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

A system composed of stacked membranes. - It modifies, sorts, and packages materials into sacs called vesicles. - Responsible for the formation of lysosomes

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Site of ribosome attachment - Responsible for protein synthesis and transport

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Lacks ribosome attachment - Responsible for the synthesis of carbohydrates and complex lipids, including phospholipids - In the liver, it detoxifies harmful substances from the body - Transports proteins

Lysosome

Originate from the Golgi bodies and the endoplasmic reticulum. - Carry out intracellular digestion (within the cell) Responsible for programmed death (apoptosis)

intracellular

The breakdown of food particles within cells, usually inside food vacuoles or lysosomes

Vacuole

Storage of materials. - Its size in plant cells is larger than in animal cells

Centrioles

A pair of tubules. - Form the spindle fibers. - Play a role in animal cell division

Mitochondria

• Cellular Respiration - The powerhouse of the cell - Surrounded by two membranes - Contains genetic material

Chloroplast

Photosynthesis - Surrounded by two membranes and contains genetic material - Colorless plastids store materials - Colored plastids give flowers and fruits their colors

Cilia

Short, numerous, hair-like projections. - Move in coordination to transport substances or aid cell movement Made of microtubules (9+2) arangement

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

Flagella

Long and few in number (usually 1-2 per cell). - Whip-like motion used mainly for locomotion. - Made of microtubules (9+2 arrangement)

Cytoplasm

Gel-like substance that fills the cell. - Composed of water, salts, and organic molecules. - Supports organelles and holds them in place. - Site of many metabolic reactions

Cholesterol

Regulates the flexibility of the membrane depending on temperature Also is made to make certain hormones

Hydrophobic phospholipids

Allow the passage of non-polar, water-repelling molecules such as CO₂, O₂, and hydrocarbons

Hydrophilic phospholipids

Permit the limited passage of polar, water-loving substances, such as small amounts of water through tiny pores between phospholipid molecules

Enzyme protein

Some membrane proteins act as enzymes that facilitate chemical reactions within the cell

Transport protein

Helps specific substances pass through the cell membrane

Receptor protein

Recognizes and binds to specific molecules outside the cell

Glycoprotein

A distinctive marker on the cell surface that gives each cell its identity, enabling immune cells to recognize the body's own cells and prevent them from being attacked

Membrane Carbohydrates

Play a role in hormone reception Help in cell adhesion and binding Contribute to cell recognition within the same organism. Therefore, they are important in immune interactions

Osmosis

The process of moving solvent molecules (water) from a solution with a lower solute concentration to a solution with a higher solute concentration

Hypertonic solution

A solution with a high concentration of solute

Hypotonic solution

A solution with a low concentration of solute

Isotonic solution

A solution with equal solute concentration

Simple Diffusion

The movement of Molecules from high concentration to low concentration Ex. Oxygen Carbon, and substances that dissolve in lipids

Facilitated Diffusion

Molecules that do not dissolve in lipids and cannot pass through the cell membrane pores are transported with the help of carrier proteins, known as transport proteins

Type 1 of transport proteins

Forms channels through which certain ions can pass

Type 2 of transport proteins

Binds to the molecule to be transported, carries it across the membrane, then releases it inside the cell and returns to its original position to bind to another molecule. This process involves temporary changes in the protein's shape

Active transport

The movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, which requires the expenditure of energy to occur. In this process, the transported substance binds to a component of the cell membrane, which may be a protein or lipid

Ex. Ions

Endocytosis

The plasma membrane has the ability to fold inward at the region where it contacts large particles, causing these particles to become enclosed within the fold, which gradually transforms into a vesicle within the cytoplasm

Phagocytosis

(Cell eating) occurs when the materials ingested by the cell are solid

Pinocytosis

(Cell drinking) occurs when the materials ingested by the cell are liquid

Exocytosis

The process of expelling materials outside the cell by forming special vesicles or vacuoles within the cell that fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents outside the cell