AOS 2

cardiovascular system

the heart and blood vessels circulate blood throughout the body, delivering water, oxygen and nutrients to the cells, and removing waste products such as carbon dioxide

Atria vs Ventricle

Atria - upper chamber that receive blood

Ventricle - lower chamber that pumps blood

oxygenated vs deoxygenated

Oxygenated - oxygen-rich blood

Deoxygenated - oxygen-poor blood

Systole vs Diastole

Systole - a contraction of the heart muscle

Diastole - a relaxation of the heart muscle

Cardiac cycle

the movement of blood through the heart in one heartbeat, consisting of one systole and one diastole contraction

Where is the heart located

Within the ribs slightly left

the steps of the cardiac cycle

blood comes in through vena cava (superior or inferior), into right atrium, through tricuspid valve, into the right ventricle, then through the pulmonary artery, into the lungs where it is oxygenated, then bring back into heart through pulmonary vein, into the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve, into the left ventricle, into the aorta to be pumped to the upper or lower body.

blood

the fluid circulated by the heart around the body

Thermoregulation

Blood plays a part in the maintenance of core body temperature within a narrow range, 37°C for humans

4 components of blood

red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet and plasma

Red blood cell function

transports oxygen around the body

White blood cell function

protect against disease

Platelet functions

causes blood to clot

Plasma function

carries blood cells around the body

blood vessels and the 5 types

a transport network the carriers nutrients and waste around the body, arteries, arteriole, capillaries, venules and veins

arterises

red, carry blood away from the heart

capillary

site of exchange for nutrient and wastes between cells and cardiovascular system

vein

blue, carry blood back to heart

systemic circulation

when oxygenated blood is transported from heart via the left ventricle and aorta and circulated into the arteries around the body, and deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the vena cava into right atrium

pulmonary circulation

when deoxygenated blood is transported away from the heart and circulated to the lungs vie right ventricle and pulmonary artery, and oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein into left atrium

hyperthermia vs hypothermia

hyperthermia - a rise in the body’s core temperature above 37.5–38.3°C

hypothermia - a reduced core body temperature below 35°C

homestasis

refers to keeping the internal body environment in a steady state when the external environment changes

hypothalamus

controls homeostasis and thermoregulation and receives input from two sets of thermoreceptors, receptors in the hypothalamus that monitor the temperature of the blood as it passes the brain (the core temperature) and receptors in the skin monitor the external temperature.

3 ways the body raises heat when hypothermia occurs

shivering - produce heat through muscle activity, protective shut down - preserves heat and protects the brain and vasoconstriction - blood vessels temporarily narrow

2 ways the body lower heat when hyperthermia occurs

sweating - to cool skin and bring blood to surface or body - to cool from environment

acute response

the body’s immediate, short-term responses that last only for the duration of the activity and for a short time afterwards

cardiac output

Q = heart rate x stroke volume, the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle of the heart per minute

stroke volume

amount of blood eject from the left ventricle with each heartbeat of the heart

heart rate

number of times your heart beats per minute

during exercise heart rate will

quickly increases above resting levels to assist with the greater requirements of the muscles for oxygen to create energy and the associated removal of wastes

average rest heart rate

72 bpm

five functions of respiratory system

• brings air from atmosphere into the lungs

• transfers oxygen into the blood

• removes carbon dioxide from the blood

• expels heat and water vapour in the air breathed out

• allows the vocal cords to create speech as air is breathed out