burgers

accommodation

(piaget theory) process of altering existing schemas (ideas) to incorporate information from a new experience

example: a kid with a dog sees a cat, and believes it must be a dog based on their own experience of living with an animal. they must change their existing schema of classifying animals as dogs, into learning a cat is a separate animal

adaptation

phenomenon where someone stops noticing a stimulus that remains constant over time, resulting in enhanced detection of stimulus changes.

individuals adjust to the environment by organizing new information and modifying mental structures (schemas).

affect-as-information perspective

idea that affective states(moods) play an important role in shaping problem solving and decision making.

alcohol myopia

idea that alcohol intoxication leads to a narrowing of attention and impairment of the ability to exert control over impulses. (aka what isha does daily)

alexithymia

extreme difficulty in identifying and labeling one's emotions (aka davids denial)

allostatic load

sustained activation of many physiological systems in response to frequent or chronic stressors (aka survival mode)

alzheimer’s disease

neurodegenerative disease that results widespread loss of nerve cells, leading to memory problems, disorientation, and eventually total helplessness

anorexia/bulimia/binge-eating

anorexia: characterized by an extreme concern with being overweight and by compulsive dieting/starvation

bulimia: similar characterisitcs yet involves binges and purges (via vomiting)

binge-eating: repeated episodes of eating large amounts of food without restraint

assimilation

Piaget's theory, the process of using an existing schema to interpret a new experience. (aka using what is familiar to understand smth)

attachment

strong, enduring, emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver

Biopsychosocial model

way of understanding what makes people healthy by recognizing that biology, psychology, and social context all combine to shape health outcomes

BMI

measure of whether someone is at a healthy weight or not; BMI is calculated as one's weight in kilograms divided by the square of one's height in meters. (technically outdated model but idk if thats what ur being tested on, just remember that tho in case)

broaden-and-build function

idea that positive emotions evolved as a signal of safety, allowing for exploration and creativity (explains why positivity helps us improve)

Cannon-Bard theory

theory that a stimulus elicits an emotion by triggering a particular response in the brain (in the thalamus), which then causes both the physiological changes associated with the emotion and the emotional experience itself

challenge reactivity

cardiovascular pattern of responding to a situation whereby the heart pumps out more blood and the vasculature dilates, allowing circulation through the body; helps by transforming stress into productive energy/improving performance when facing demanding situations (aka body’s reaction to locking in on the spot)

cognitive development

changes in all of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

concrete operational period

Piaget's theory, the period of development from 7-12, where a child begin to think logically about concrete events, understand the concept of conservation, and gain a better grasp of the perspectives of others

conventional stage

Kohlberg's theory, a period in moral development in which people make moral judgments based on caring for others and upholding social roles and rules

cortisol

hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that is often raised in response to stress

cross-sectional design

study design that compares participants of different age groups to one another

cytokines

molecules sent from immune system that respond to injuries through inducing inflammation/fevers

developmental psychology

scientific study of how people change physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally from infancy to old age

diathesis-stress model

model of clinical disorders suggesting that genes provide a susceptibility for a disorder that will manifest as symptoms only under certain levels of stress

differential sensitivities hypothesis

idea that some people have a genetic predisposition to be more strongly affected by variation in their environment, especially during early childhood

dimensional approach

approach to analyzing emotions that focuses on dimensions such as pleasantness and activation

discrete emotions approach

approach to analyzing emotions that focuses on specific emotions such as anger, fear, and pride

dishabituation

increase in responsiveness to something following a period of habituation (aka becoming alert after being in a state of comfort)

display rules

cultural rules that govern the expression of emotion

egocentrism

(piaget theory) children’s difficulty to understand perspectives other than their own (basically they expect everyone to think the same things they do)

ego depletion

state of diminished self-regulatory ability due to repeated demands on cognitive resources required for self-regulation (aka spreading yourself too thin)

embryo

unborn baby found within the 2nd-8th week of pregnancy

emotion regulation

attempt to modify one or more aspects of the emotion-response trajectory

epigenetics

study of how life events can alter gene expression

estrus

mammal's period of sexual receptivity

extrinsically rewarding

concept of receiving a tangible reward that serves as your motivation (intrinsic is a reward that isn’t concrete, for example your dignity)

fetus

unborn baby classified as 9+ weeks old

gender schema

mental representation for gender roles (what first comes into mind when you think of being a boy or girl)

general adaptation syndrome

physiological response to a threat that unfolds in alarm, resistance, and then exhaustion

glucostatic hypothesis

concept that hunger is regulated by the body's monitoring/adjustment of blood glucose levels

habituation

form of learning that involves a decreased response to repeated stimulation (aka getting used to something)

happiness set point

level of happiness that is characteristic of a given individual

hierarchy of motives

Maslow’s idea that people will strive to meet their higher-order needs, such as self-actualization and self-transcendence, only when their lower, more basic needs like food and safety have been met (basically need to meet survival needs before bigger goals)

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

physiological system that governs the body's response to a stressful event, enabling the conservation of energy

implementation intentions

specific "if-then" thoughts that cognitively connect a desired action to some triggering event or stimulus.

imprinting

mechanism for establishing attachment early in life that operates according to a relatively simple rule of attaching to the first moving object an organism sees

James-Lange theory

theory that the subjective experience of emotion is the awareness of one's own bodily reactions in the presence of certain arousing stimuli

lipostatic hypothesis

idea that adipose tissue (body fat) plays an important role in governing hunger and regulating longer-term energy balance

longitudinal design

study that tracks participants across time and compares each participant at different time points

mastery orientation

motivational stance that focuses on learning and improving

maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly growth, relatively independently of experience.

ex) babies first steps, first period, etc

motor development

changes in the ability to coordinate/perform bodily movements

neural tube

structure formed in embryonic stage where brain and spinal cord develop

neurodevelopmental perspective

perspective holds that sexual orientation is built into the circuitry of the brain early in fetal development

object permanence

awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are temporarily out of sight (usually developed when baby is 4-8 months)

pain matrix

network of brain regions, including the amygdala (part of brain that regulates emotion), that respond to many types of pain

postconventional stage

ohlberg's theory, a period in moral development in which people make moral judgments based on ideals and broad moral principles

preconventional stage

kohlberg's theory, a period in moral development in which people make moral judgments based on self-interest, such as avoiding punishments and gaining rewards

primary/secondary sex characteristics

primary: genitals, ovaries, testical etc. needed for reproduction

secondary: boobs, body hair, etc.

reappraisal

type of emotion regulation that involves altering the meaning of a potentially emotion-eliciting situation in order to alter one's emotional response to that situation

scaffolding

process of promoting cognitive development by actively challenging and supporting children as they attempt things that are beyond their current capabilities

schachter-Singer theory

theory that emotion arises from the interpretation of bodily responses in the context of situational cues

secondary appraisal

person's perception of his or her ability to deal with the demands of a given situation

self-actualization

the desire to realize one's full potential

self-transcendence

desire to further a cause that goes beyond the self

sequential design

methodological approach to studying development that tracks multiple age groups across time and compares different age groups to one another, as well as compares participants to themselves at different time points

sleep hygiene

regimented routine at bedtime that allows one's body to learn cues for sleep

social clock

set of norms/expectations for the timing of milestones like marriage, parenthood, and retirement; deviations from social clock can lead to stress

social referencing

process of using others' facial expressions for information about how to react to a situation

sociocultural view of development

Vygotsky's proposal that the child's mind grows through social interaction with knowledgeable others

socioemotional selectivity theory

carstensen's theory that our perception of how much time we have left in life leads us to value positive emotions over informational goals

strength model of ego control

self-regulatory efforts draw on a finite pool of cognitive resources. Repeated self-regulatory demands may deplete these resources, leading to failures of self-control

sympathetic-adreno-medullary (SAM) axis

physiological system that governs the body's immediate response to a stressful event, enabling the ability to fight or flee.

temperament

one’s innate, biologically based behavioral style, emotional reactivity, and mood that appear early in life

teratogens

environmental agents that can interfere with healthy fetal development

theory of mind

ability to understand that others have their own thoughts, beliefs, desires, and intentions that may differ from one's own

threat reactivity

cardiovascular pattern of responding to a situation whereby the heart pumps out more blood but the vasculature constricts, preventing efficient circulation through the body. helps by instantly mobilizing energy via stress hormones (like cortisol) to manage potential threats, improve reaction times, and protect against harm

thrifty gene hypothesis

evolutionary hypothesis that natural selection has favored individuals with efficient metabolisms that maximize fat storage.

Type A/Type B

A: competitive/driven, hot-tempered and hostile, and urgently focused on time

B: reflective, creative, and less competitive.

unit bias

amount of food that is considered a single serving

zygote

fertilized egg, from the union of a sperm and egg.