Related Science Chapter 1

Substance

Any state of matter of a particular composition or makeup.

Matter

Anything that has weight (mass) and occupies space or has a measurable volume.

Three (3) phyical states of Matter

solid, liquid and gaseous (vapor) state

Mass

The measure of the quantity of matter which a body contains.

Weight

The quantity of matter

Solids

Have both a definite volume and a definite shape.

Liquids

Have a definite volume, but take the shape of their container.

Three (3) Characteristics of Water

1- the combined effect of gravity and the ability of water to change shape. It also seeks the lowest point.

2. Water is incompressible, pressure has almost no effect on its volume.

3. water is affected more than solids by variations in temperature.

Density

The weight of a unit volume of a substance

The density of water

62.4 lbs per cubic foot

The density of mercury

849 lbs per cubic foot

The density of steel

489.5 lbs per cubic foot (480 lbs for quick figuring)

element

Any more than 100 fundamental substances that consist of atoms of only one kind and singly or in combination constitute all matter which cannot be reduced by ordinary chemical means.

compound

A substance composed by uniting two or more simpler substances or similar elements by ordinary chemical action in definite proportions.

Atom

The smallest part of an element which can exist either alone or in combination with other elements.

nucleus

The central part of the atom which is made up of two (2) types of particles. Protons and Neutrons.

Protons

positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom

Neutrons

the neutral particles in the nucleus of an atom.

Electrons

the negatively charged particles which orbit the nucleus of an atom

molecule

The smallest part of either and element or compound which retains the properties of the original substance.

Kinetic Energy

the energy of Motion

BTU

British Thermal Unit. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree.

Specific Heat

The amount of heat in BTU to change the temperature of one pound of a substance one degree Fahrenheit

Sensible Heat

The quantity of heat involved when any substance undergoes a change in temperature that can be measured. (thermometer)

Latent Heat

The amount of heat required to be added to or subtracted from a substance in order to produce a change of state

Fusion

The process of changing from a solid to the liquid state.

Vaporization

The process of converting a liquid into a vapor

Condensation

When a vapor changes to a liquid.

Flashing

The instantaneous change of state from a liquid to a vapor.

Suspension

When particles of a substance are mixed with but not dissolved in a liquid

solution

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

saturation point

the stage beyond which no more of something can be absorbed or accepted.

PH Scale

A scale for measuring the acidity or alkalinity of water.

Saturated Steam

Steam in contact with the water from which it has been

generated.

Superheated Steam

Steam at a temperature that is higher than its vaporization point at the absolute pressure where the temperature measurement is taken; and therefore, the steam can cool by some amount, resulting in a lowering of its temperature without changing state from a gas, to a mixture

vacuum

The absence of all matter from a given space. Negative pressure or pressure less than atmospheric

970.4 BTUs

The amount of latent heat in BTUs added to one pound of 212-degree water to convert it into 212-degree steam.

144 BTUs

The amount of Latent Heat in BTUs needed to be removed from water to turn water to ice or added to ice to turn ice to water