Math 8 (Virginia SOL)

percent

per hundred

natural numbers

the set of numbers {1, 2, 3, 4...}

whole numbers

the set of numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, 4...}

integers

the set of numbers {...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...}

rational numbers

the set of all numbers that can be written as the ratio of two integers with a non-zero denominator

irrational numbers

the set of all numbers that cannot be expressed as the ratio of integers

real numbers

the set of all rational and irrational numbers

order of operations

1) grouping symbols, 2) exponents, 3) multiply/divide from left to right, 4) add/subtract from left to right

proportion

two equivalent ratios

percent of change

(new - original) / original * 100

square root

the inverse of squaring a number

perimeter

the measure of the distance around a figure

area

the number of square units needed to cover a surface or figure

surface area

sum of areas of faces for a three-dimensional figure

complementary angles

a pair of angles whose sum is 90 degrees

supplementary angles

a pair of angles whose sum is 180 degrees

vertical angles

a pair of angles formed by two intersecting lines; they are congruent and only share a vertex

adjacent angles

share a common side and a common vertex

right triangle

formed by two legs and a hypotenuse

hypotenuse

the longest side of a right triangle, always opposite the 90 degree angle

ordered pair

(x, y)

independent events

probability of multiple events in which each event does not affect the others

dependent events

probability of multiple events in which one event affects the outcome of the next

scatterplot

illustrates the relationship between two sets of data

positive correlation

y-coordinates increase as x-coordinates increase

negative correlation

y-coordinates decrease as x-coordinates increase

no correlation

no relationship exists between the x- and ycoordinates

distributive property

5 ∙ (y - 7) = (5 ∙ y) - (5 ∙ 7)

equation

a mathematical sentence stating that two expressions are equal.

expression

a mathematical phrase that can contain ordinary numbers, variables (like x or y) and operators (like add, subtract, multiply, and divide)

variable

an alphabetic character representing a number

coefficient

a number being multiplied by a variable

constant

a number being added or subtracted from a term containing a variable

domain

all of the x-values in a relation

range (algebraic)

all of the y-values in a relation

independent variable

variable representing the input values

dependent variable

variable representing the output values

median

the center of an ordered data set

range (statistical)

the difference between the highest and lowest values of data set

Volume of a cone compared to the volume of a cylinder

It is 1/3 the size

In the surface area formula for a square based pyramid, the l stands for...

slant height

Prime notation

used in the labeling of points to indicate that the figure is the transformed figure

Circumference

the perimeter of a circle

Lower quartile

The median of the lower half of a set of data.

Upper extreme

The greatest number in a set of data.

Interquartile range

Q3-Q1

boxplot

A plot of data that incorporates the maximum observation, the minimum observation, the first quartile, the second quartile (median), and the third quartile.

Distributive property

a(b + c) = ab + ac

Combining like terms

2a - 3a + b = -a + b

function

a relation in which each element of the domain is paired with exactly one element of the range

slope

the steepness of a line on a graph, equal to its vertical change divided by its horizontal change

In y=mx+b, the m is the

slope/rate of change

In y=mx+b, the b is the

y-intercept

True or False. When multiplying or dividing by a negative number, you need to flip the inequality sign.

True

True or Flase. This is translated correctly: "five less than a number" is the same as 5-x

False