APCSP.Review - Data and Information

Data

raw facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis

Information

data that has been processed, interpreted, analyzed, organized, or structured to make it more meaningful or useful

Iterative

involving repetition

Filtering

setting conditions on a data set so that only certain data is displayed; for example, "only show words in a list that are longer than 5 letters"

Clustering

grouping data sets together to provide an argument that a pattern exists

Data classification

the process of organizing data by relevant categories so that it may be used and protected more efficiently; involves tagging data, which makes it easily searchable and trackable

Patterns

consistencies or repetitions in data; useful for predicting future behavior or events; used in machine learning

Online collaborative tools

Word processors, presentation applications, spreadsheet applications and other useful tools that allow two or more persons to work on the same document or task simultaneously

Visualizations

the presentation of data in a pictorial or graphical format; allows decision makers to see analytics presented visually so they can grasp difficult concepts or identify new patterns

Extracting Data

the act or process of retrieving data out of (usually unstructured or poorly structured) data sources for further data processing or data storage

Large data set

data that is so large or complex that traditional data processing applications are inadequate

Trend Analysis

the widespread practice of collecting information and attempting to spot a pattern

Search tools

utilities and applications that allow you to find data or information online

Filter systems (filter tools)

utilities and applications that allow you to focus in on wanted information while temporarily excluding unwanted information

Spreadsheet software

an interactive computer application for organization, analysis and storage of data in tabular form; similar to accounting worksheets; examples are Microsoft Excel and Google Sheets

Database software

a type of software that allows users to store data in the form of structured fields, tables and columns, which can then be retrieved directly and/or through programmatic access; examples include Microsoft Access and SQL Server, Oracle, and MySQL

Metadata

data that describes other data; for example, a digital photo may data attached that indicates who took the photo, where the photo was taken, the type of device used to take the photo, copyright restrictions, etc.

Scalability

the capability of a system, network, or process to handle a growing amount of work, or its potential to be enlarged to accommodate that growth

Secure transmission concerns

the transfer of data such as confidential or proprietary information over a protected channel; usually requires encryption

Lossy data compression

a method for reducing file size where some data is deliberately discarded; when decompressed, the quality is less than the original file; primarily used in digital images and video; JPEG is most widely known

Lossless data compression

a method for reducing file size where the file is perfectly reconstructed when decompressed; there is no loss in quality; GIF an PNG are most widely known; primarily used for audio files and other non-graphical files

Data file formats

the type of file created when a user saves a file from a software application; examples include txt, doc, ppt, accdb, xls, pdf, csv, jpg, tif, bmp, wav, mp4, etc.

Privacy policy

the aspect of information technology (IT) that deals with the ability of an organization or individual to determine what data in a computer system can be shared with third parties

Security policy

the aspect of information technology (IT) that deals with the ability of a user to access or alter local or networked information or to change computer policies and settings

Storage media

physical devices capable or reading, writing, and saving digital data, files, software applications, and operating systems