ess topic 8

What is defined as a group of individuals of the same species occupying a specific area at a given time?

Population

What is the formula for calculating the crude birth rate?

(# of births/ total pop) x 1000

What factors can affect the crude birth rate?

Population age structure, women’s rights, access to food/clean water, desire to have kids, wealth.

What is the definition of immigration?

Movement of people into an area.

What is the formula for total population growth?

Births + emigrants - deaths - immigrats.

How is the natural rate of increase (NRI) calculated?

(Crude Birth Rate - Crude Death Rate)/10.

What does the total fertility rate measure?

Average number of kids per woman of child-bearing age.

What does a population pyramid illustrate?

The age structure of a population, showing the distribution of various age groups.

What is urbanization?

Movement of population from rural to urban areas.

What is the significance of the demographic transition model?

It illustrates the population transition from a pre-industrial stage with high birth/death rates to an economically advanced stage with low/declining rates.

What are push factors in urbanization?

Lack of employment, food scarcity, lack of basic services, lack of resilience.

What is urban sprawl?

Unrestricted spread of low-density urban and suburban development around the outskirts of cities.

What are primary air pollutants?

directly active at the point of emission.

What causes acid rain?

Combustion of fossil fuels producing sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides that react with water in the air.

What impacts does acid rain have on terrestrial ecosystems?

It damages plant foliage, makes soil toxic, and causes nutrient leaching.

What strategies can be used to reduce urban air pollution?

Improve public transport, grow trees, limited car use, promote cycling.

What does urban resilience refer to?

The ability of an urban system to bounce back from disturbances.

What strategy can help mitigate urban sprawl?

Government policies promoting urban densification and better public transportation.

What is the infant mortality rate?

(# of infant deaths under 1 year/ # of live births) x 1000.

What are the effects of urbanization on ecosystems?

Loss of land, water quality issues, increased energy consumption, air pollution, and resource waste.

How can urban planning contribute to sustainability?

By creating infrastructure that supports human well-being, social equity, and environmental health.

What are secondary pollutants?

Pollutants that form when primary pollutants react with each other.