History 8th Grade Final

Totalitarianism

A political system in which the govt controls every aspect of citizens’ lives

Benito Mussolini

Fascist leader w/ complete control of Italy in 1922, turned Italy into a Police State filled w/ propaganda

Fascism

A political system prioritizing the state of the govt over individuals, fueled by a totalitarian dictator and extreme nationalism

Adolf Hitler

WWI vet who took advantage of public anger to rise to power in Germany w/ the Nazi party

Nazis

Hitler’s National Socialist Party, rose to govt power and aimed to rid Germany of Jews

Joseph Stalin

Communist dictator of Soviet Union, created the 5 Year Plan and ruled with Great Purge

Axis Powers

Alliance between Hitler (Germany), Mussolini (Italy), and later Japan (WWII)

Appeasement

A policy of avoiding war w/ an aggressive nation by giving in to their demands

Winston Churchill

British Admiral in WWI who later became the British Prime Minister, opposed appeasement, and fought the Axis Powers

Allied Powers

Alliance between Great Britain and France

Lend-Lease Act

Allowed the POTUS to send money/resources any nation deemed “vital” to US defense

Pearl Harbor

US naval station in Hawaii that was targeted by a Japanese attack. Ended American isolationism and caused US to declare war on Japan the next day

Internment Camp

Detention Centers where over 100,000 Japanese Americans were relocated after WWII and Pearl Harbor

Harry S. Truman

POTUS after FDR, pulled trigger on dropping the atomic bombs on Japan

Douglas MacArthur

US army general that led allied army in the pacific

Holocaust

Hitler’s attempt to rid Germany of all Jews by forcing them to flee or be killed in labor/extermination camps

Genocide

The elimination of an entire group of people

Blitzkreig

Germany’s “lightning-war” military strategy

Operation Barbossa

German invasion of Soviet Union (largest land offensive in human history)

Manhattan Project

U.S. Effort to build an atomic bomb in WWII, also called Project Y

Island Hopping

American strategy used by General MacArthur in which the American Navy attacked and captured small islands in the Pacific Ocean on the way to Japan, cutting off the supply chain

Tuskegee Airmen

African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school and fought in WWII

Nuremburg Laws

Forbid marriage between Jews and Germans and took away the rights of Jews, they could not vote, hold public office, and had to wear a yellow star

Nuremburg Trials

Nazi officials were put on trial before allied powers

VE Day

Day of the Alllies’ official victory over Europe

VJ Day

Day of the Allies’ official victory over Japan

United Nations

International organization established to keep global peace, security, and rights after WWII

Oppenheimer

Director of Manhattan Project

FDR, Churchill, and Stalin

“Big 3” Allied leaders during WWII

Little Boy and Fat Man

Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

General’s Plot

Failed plan to assassinate Hitler

Kristallnacht

Nazis burned/destroyed Jewish businesses, synagogues, and cemetaries

Kamikaze

Japanese soldiers sent on suicide bombing missions

Harry S. Truman

POTUS after FDR, pulled trigger on Manhattan Project

D-Day

Operation Overlord (US invasion of Normandy)

Battle of the Bulge

Last German offensive; against US lines on western front, aiming to push off German territory (Allied victory)

Stalingrad

German invasion of Soviet Union; largest and one of the bloodiest land invasions in history, Germany’s first defeat. This occurred after the failed operation barbossa

Battle of Midway

Japan led a naval attack on the US but was stopped as US forces intercepted and cracked Japan’s messages of “Operation AF”, and Allies were able to pre-position aircrafts to stop Japan’s navy from capturing Midway. Marked major shift in the Pacific theater and Allies began to have victories

Warren G. Harding

Republican senator from Ohio, POTUS in 1920 with Coolidge as running mate

Calvin Coolidge

Republican running mate for POTUS Harding (1920), elected for POTUS in 1924 after Harding

Herbert Hoover

Republican POTUS of 1928, after Coolidge

Teapot Dome Scandal

Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall accepted large sums of money and valuable gifts from private oil companies. In exchange, Fall allowed the companies to control government oil reserves in Elk Hills, California, and Teapot Dome, Wyoming. This soured Harding’s presidency before his death.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

an agreement that outlawed war

Model T

Ford achieved his goal by building a sturdy and reliable car called the ____, nicknamed the Tin Lizzie.

Moving Assembly Line

This system used conveyer belts to move parts and partly assembled cars from one group of workers to another.

Flappers

Young women known as ______ cut their hair short and wore makeup and short dresses, openly challenging traditional ideas of how women were supposed to behave.

Red Scare

a time of fear of Communists, or Reds

21st Amendment

ended prohibition, legalizing alcohol trade

Fundamentalism

a Protestant religious movement known as characterized by the belief in a literal, or word-for-word, interpretation of the Bible.

Scopes Trial

a Dayton, Tennessee, high school science teacher named John T. Scopes was put on trial for teaching evolution

Great Migration

Movement where during World War I large numbers of African Americans began leaving the South to take jobs in northern factories.

Harlem Renaissance

a period of African American artistic accomplishment.

Jazz Age

A time where the popularity of Jazz music exploded

Lost Generation

Writers who criticized American society in the 1920s

Installment Buying

1920’s version of the credit cart - making purchases by paying in increments over time

Buying on Margin

The idea of the stock market booming making you wealthy

Palmer Raids

Police arrested and deported thousands of immigrants suspected of being radicals

Dawes Plan

The US will give Germany money to pay back France and Britain for WW1, who will use it to pay back the US, keeping the peace

Sacco & Vanzetti

Immigrants who were falsly convicted of murder and put to death at the height of the red scare

Normalcy

What Harding wanted to restore in US society after WW1

Nativism

The fear/hatred of immigrants, outsiders, etc (also called xenophobia)

19th Amendment

Secured women’s voting rights

Black Tuesday

Tuesday, October 29, 1929

The day that the stock market crashed, as stocks had dropped a few days ago and so many people wanted to sell as nobody wanted to buy

Business Cycle

The up and down pattern in the economy of overproduction → laying off workers → buying fewer goods → rise in consumerism → increased productions and employment

Great Depression

A length of time 20 years after WWI when the country did not follow the business cycle and recover from a severe economic depression

Bonus Army

A group of over 17,000 homeless WWI veterans that set up homes in the US capital to demand early military payment bonuses

Franklin D. Roosevelt

State governer of NY that became POTUS and led the US through the Great Depression and WWII

New Deal

Series of federal programs created by FDR and the US congress to aid economic recovery from the Great Depression

Fireside Chats

Radio addresses in which FDR spoke directly to the American people

The first one explained the Bank Relief Law

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR’s First Lady

Supported New Deal programs

Created NYA (National Youth Association; gave jobs to students)

Social Security Act

Act passed in 1935 providing financial security for elderly, children, disabled, and unemployed

Dust Bowl

Areas of the Great Plains swept by massive dust storms

Economy

Another word for business (in the 1930’s, think business, not money!)

Bull Market

A period of rising prices in the stock market (economic state in the 1920s)

Bear Market

A period of falling prices in the stock market (economic state in the 1930s)

Causes of the Great Depression

ORBBIT (Overproduction of goods, Rising tariffs, Bad banking practices, Buying on margin, Income Gap, Trouble Overseas)

Fordney McCumber Act

Imports were taxed higher to promote buying American-made goods

Harding’s Motto

Return to ‘Normalcy”

Coolidge’s Motto

The chief business of the american people is business.

Hoover’s Motto

Rugged Individualism

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Increase on the Fordney McCumber Act; High protective tariffs that triggered retalitory taxes and reduced international trade, worsening the great depression

Many black voters made a shift form voting Republican to voting Democratic

Significance of 1932 Election

FDR’s Inaugural Adress

Speech where FDR denounced “money changers” and stated that “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”

Glass-Steagall Act

Created FDIC to protect savings and prevent bank failures

Change from Gold Standard

Part of New Deal Acts which was a currency reform requiring citizens to exchange private gold holdings for paper money

Main Points of New Deal

Relief, Recovery, Reform

1st New Deal

Reconstructed Banks

2nd New Deal

-Relief for farmers

-Govt Works Programs

-Improve Nation’s Resources

Radical

Supports sweeping changes to the economy

Conservative

Supports limited govt and letting the economy stabilize on its own

TVA

A federal project hiring people to build dams and generators, bringing electricity and jobs to communities in the Tennessee River Valley

AAA

New Deal program providing financial aid to farmers

SEC

New Deal program established by congress to regulate the stock market

FDIC

FDR’s first New Deal act as POTUS; and organization that brought trust back to banks

CCC

Employed single men ages 18-25 for natural resource conservation

PWA/CWA

Provided employment constructing public roads, schools, parks, etc

NRA

Controlled industrial production and prices for fair competition

FERA

Gave federal money to state and local govts to help the unemployed

Gavrilo Princip

Black Hand assassin who shot Franz Ferdinand

Black Hand

Serbian Terrorist Group responsible for the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand