Biology 1407 - Chapter 28: The Origin of Eukaryotic Diversity

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering the characteristics and classifications of eukaryotic diversity, including major phyla and their diagnostic organelles and pigments.

Eukaryote Flagella

Locomotory structures characterized by a $9+2$ arrangement of microtubules.

Hydrogenosomes

Reduced mitochondria found in Phylum Parabasala that generate some energy anaerobically.

Mitosomes

Nonfunctional mitochondria found in Phylum Diplomonadida.

Diplomonadida Nuclei

Possess two equal sized nuclei ($n$).

Euglenozoa

A diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites, distinguished by a spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella.

Pellicle

Flexible internal protein filaments that support the cell surface in Euglenids in the absence of a true cell wall.

Kinetoplast

A structure found in Phylum Kinetoplastida that contains many copies of mitochondrial DNA.

Trypanosoma

A genus belonging to Phylum Kinetoplastida known for being symbiotic or parasitic.

Alveolates

A group including Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, and Ciliates, characterized by small membrane bound cavities below the cell surface.

Peridinin

A carotenoid pigment unique to the Phylum Dinoflagellata.

Red Tide

A phenomenon caused by toxic, large populations of certain species of Phylum Dinoflagellata.

Apicoplast

A nonfunctional chloroplast found in members of Phylum Apicomplexa.

Sporozoites

Infectious cells produced by Apicomplexans that feature an apex specialized for penetrating host cells.

Plasmodium sp.

The causative organism of malaria, belonging to Phylum Apicomplexa.

Cirri

Leg-like bundles of fused cilia used for locomotion in some members of Phylum Ciliophora.

Macronucleus

A large organelle in Ciliates that may contain over $50$ copies of the genome and controls day-to-day cell activities and asexual reproduction.

Micronucleus

A small nucleus in Ciliates, numbering from $1$ to $80$ depending on the species, which is not involved in day-to-day activities or asexual reproduction.

Fucoxanthin

The brown carotenoid pigment found in Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algae).

Algin

A commercially valuable compound found in the cell walls of brown algae along with cellulose.

Bacillariophyta

Diatoms; unicellular organisms with overlapping cell walls made of silica and an organic matrix.

Foraminifera Shell

A porous, multi-chambered calcium carbonate shell through which pseudopods extend for feeding.

Rhodophyta

Red Algae; mostly multicellular tropical marine organisms containing chlorophyll a, d, carotenoids, and phycobillins.

Gametophyte

The haploid sexual phase in the alternation of generations found in some multicellular green algae.

Sporophyte

The diploid asexual stage in the alternation of generations found in some multicellular green algae.

Charophyta

The phylum most closely related to green algae and considered the most direct common ancestor to land plants.

Plasmodium (Slime Mold)

A multinucleate mass of cytoplasm that constitutes the body of plasmodial slime molds.

Sclerotia

Resistant bodies produced by plasmodial slime molds.

Pseudoplasmodium

A multicellular aggregate formed by thousands of cellular slime mold cells under the influence of cAMP during adverse conditions.

Tubulinids

Unicellular amoebozoans characterized by lobate pseudopodia and a lack of flagella or sexual reproduction.