BIS 2C Animal Terms

Bilaterians

bilaterial symmetry, three germ layers, central nervous system

Protostome

blastopore forms mouth

Deuterostome

blastopore forms anus

Ecdysozoans

external chitinous exoskeleton, ecdysis (molting)

Arthropods

jointed appendages, compound eyes, tagmosis (tagma)

Chelicerates

2 tagma, 4 pairs of legs, chelicerae, pedipalps

e.g. horseshoe crabs, ticks/mites, scorpions, spiders

Myriapods

1 tagma, many segments with one (centipedes) or two pairs of legs (millipedes)

Malacostracans

3 tagma, two pairs of antennae

e.g. crabs, shrimp, lobsters, crayfish

Hexapods

3 tagma, 3 pairs of legs, one pair of antennae

e.g. insects

Crustacea

paraphyletic to Hexapods

Apterygota

small, flightless species that have internal mouthparts

Insect innovations

flight evolved once, metamorphosis

Hemimetabolism

incomplete metamorphosis, same food resources for larvae and adults

Holometabolism

complete metabolism, different food sources for larvae and adults

Palaeoptera

2 pairs of non-folding wings, aquatic nymph stages

e.g. mayflies, dragonflies, damselflies

Orthoptera

have chewing mouthparts

e.g. grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, roaches, termites

Hemiptera

true bugs with piercing/sucking mouthparts

e.g. cicada, aphids, bed bugs, kissing bug, lice

Hymenoptera

2 pairs of wings connected by zipper-like hamul

e.g. ants, bees, wasps

Coleoptera

beetles with 2 pairs of wings, with forewings modified into hardened wing cases

e.g. scarab beetle, ladybug

Diptera

flies wih 2 pairs of wings, with hindwings modified into mechanosensory organs

e.g. house flies, mosquitoes

Lepidoptera

2 pairs of wings covered in tiny scales, with tubular mouthparts for siphoning nectar

e.g. moths and butterflies

Echinoderms

pentaradial symmetry, water vascular system, calcareous endoskeleton

Chordates

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail

Vertebrates

vertebrate surrounding DHNC, cranium

Gnathostomes

jaws, teeth

Osteichthyes

swim bladder, operculum

Sarcopterygii

fleshy fins

Rhipidistia

lungs

Tetrapods

four jointed limbs

Amphibians

restricted to mesic terrestrial habitats

e.g. frogs/toads, salamanders

Amniotes

amniotic egg, impermeable skin, efficient kidneys

Reptiles

three-chambered heart, two cranial fenestrae (skull openings)

Lepidosaurs

diverse group with many secondarily limbless species

e.g. lizards, snakes

Chelonia

aquatic group with bony shell

e.g. turtles and tortoises

Crocodilia

marine and freshwater predators confined to tropical and warm-termperate regions, have 4-chambered hearts

e.g. crocodiles, alligators

Pterosaurs

now entirely extinct, first group of vertebrates to evolve powered flight

Dinosaurs

dominant terrestrial vertebrates throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous, only one extant group (Birds)

Mammals

mammary glands, endothermy, hair/fur, four-chambered heart, one cranial fenestra

Monotremes

lay shelled eggs and occur in Australia and New Guinea

e.g. Platypus

Marsupials

have placenta and ventral pouchs

e.g. kangaroos

Eutheria

well-developed placenta and give birth to developed young

e.g. anteaters, whales, bats, beavers, lions

Humans

large brain size, extensive construction and use of tools