KINE 307 exam 3

Fundamental Movements- Early Childhood (2-6) (3 of them)

Locomotor

Nonlocomotor

Manipulative (Bimanual Coordination, Functional Asymmetry)

2 types of manipulative fundamental movements

1) Bimanual coordination

2) Functional Asymmetry

a common motor activity w/ specific movecment patterns (aka basic motor skill)

FMS (functional motor skill)

1) Basic functional structure of a fundamental motor skill

2) A series of movements organized in a particular time-spce sequence

Movement (motor) Pattern

Movements that transport an individual through space from one place to another

Locomotor skills

Walking, Running, Jumping are examples of…..

locomotor skills

Involves axial movements & balance that are executed w/ minimal or no mocement of the base of support

Non-locomotor skills

Examples of Non-locomotor skills

bending, twisting, swaying

Fine and gross motor skills that involve the control of objects pirmarily w/ the hands and feet

Manipulative skills

Examples of Manipulative skills

Throwing / Catching

Striking

Kicking

3 stages of movement patterns

1) Immature - (2-3yrs)

2) Elementary - (4-5 yrs)

3) Mature - (6-7 yrs) (skill, rather than age-related)

-Sport skill - adapted to special requirements

Eye, video devices, timing devices, electrical devices, anthropometry, dynamography (force), etc. are examples of……

Tools for studying change

2 approaches to observation / assessing

1) Composite (total body approach) - break down of movement pattern changes into a sequence of stages covering “all” parts of the body

2) Component - Changes divided into sub-changes, each body component is followed through the develooment process

Break down of movement pattern changes into a sequence of stages covering all parts of the body

composite (aka total body approach)

changes divided into sub-changes, each body component is followed through the development process

Component approach

Composite approach development stages throwing

Stage 1 (2-3yr) : Arm dominated, no trunk rotation, feet stationary

Stage 2 (3-5yr): Arm and elbow extension, some trunk rotation, feet stationary

Stage 3 (5-6yr): Arm prepared by upward swing, arm follows through, Forward step with unilateral leg

Stage 4 (6+ yr): Arm adducted in forward swing, Trunk rotation complete, Forward step with contralateral leg

Why are fundamental motor skills important?

movement proficiency

important vehicle for physical activity (sport, lifetime health)

research - a proficiency predicts activity

buildling the foundation for motor skill proficiency and lifelong health

What is the natural extension of walking

running

what kind of skill is running

locomotor

Running is characterized by the ______ phase

“flight” - foot is not contacting surface (both feet off ground)

Locomotor skill in which the body is projected into the air by means of a force generated b y 1 or both legs & then lands on 1 or both feet

Jumping

4 kinds of jumping

1) Leaping (1-foot take off / opposite foot landing)

2) Vertical jump (2-feet take-off & landing)

3) Long jump (2-feet take-off & landing)

4) Hopping (1-foot take-off & landing on same foot)

Same foot leads (walk/leap)

Galloping

Sideways gallop

Sliding

step-hop pattern

Skipping

3 types of throw

overhand

sidearm

underhand

Gross motor, manipulative skill that involves tracking an incoming objects, stopping its momentum & gaining control of it by use of the hands

catching

difference between dribbling and ball bouncing

Dribbling = bounce 3 or 4 consecutive times

Two types of Climbing

Marking time - uses same-foot to step up or down

Cross-lateral pattern - alternates sides & places only 1 foot on each level

When is Manipulation - skillful & refined use of hands developed

3-8yrs

What is the finger oppostion test?

make okay sign…. then test if you can touch thumb to pinky

Change in children’s handwriting ability is closely associated with….

academic performance

-palmar grasp

-< 3yrs

-fingers and thumb wrapped around object

-shoulder & arm

Power grip

Age: 4>yrs

Fingers and thumb

wrist

Dynamic tripod

Drawing and writing hand ability develops…. _______ally

proximodistally

Two types of bimanual control

1) Symmetrical: similar & simulatenous / clapping & jump roping

2) Asymmetrical: different, coordinated & complementary / cutting & tying

Bimanual control is _________ 1st year, and after 6 yrs it is ___________

evident ; mastery

We get ______ right-handed with age… by age 6 years old, people are 90% ___________

more ; right-handed

For footedness, non-preferred foot is used as a ________

stabilizer

Is there more or less mixed-footedness than mixed-handedness

more

what % are right-footed

80

The least degree of right sidedness is

eye preference

Eye preference is ___% right

70

When does sport skill develop and when does growth and refinement occur

-Sport skill: later childhood (6-12yrs)

-Growth & Refinement: adolescence (12-18yrs)

What period presents significant change in motor performance, change that affects biological maturity and sociocultural experience

Later chilidhood & adolescence

Differences between genders before puberty are ______

minimal - but they do exist (sociocultural)

Influential factors to motor skills refinement

sports participation

physical education

most popular ncaa and interscholastic sport for men

football

You want less than how many hours per week of youth sport participation

18hours

ergogenic drugs

used to enhance athletic performance

what is SHAPE

nation report- current physical health of the nation

what percentage of adults are overweight and what percentage are obese?

70% / 40.3%

When is peak performance age

20-30yrs

When is regression age

older adulthood, 30+ years

long bones can grow until age ____

25

Vertebral column can grow until age _____

30

what is different about marathon performance

it increses during adult years due to training, practice, experience, and motivaition

the diminished capacity to regulate the internal environment, which results in a reduced probabilty of survival

aging

Aging occurs from ______, however, regression typically develops after _______

birth ; 30yrs

The study of older people and the aging processes

gerontology

Also referred to as cellular clock theory, genetic theory suggests that aging is under the direction of the DNA in human genes.

GENETIC THEORY

The relatively simple premise of this theory is that aging is a result of long-term, accumulated damage to various vital bodily systems.

WEAR-AND-TEAR THEORY

With aging, the immune system’s response declines; thus, the body’s ability to fight many infections diminishes. It is suggested that many symptoms of aging are a result of the accumulated effect of past and present disease that the system was or is unable to control.

IMMUNE SYSTEM THEORIES

One possible cause for decline in the immune system’s effectiveness and the subsequent aging effects has been atrophy of the thymus gland, which influences immune functioning via thymic hormone.

HORMONAL THEORIES

how much do you decline every year due to aging after 30

0.75% to 1% / year

what happens to postural sway with age

it increases

what happens to base of support with age

it gets a little wider of a spread

when does body weight stop increasing and starts to decrese

55 to 60, then starts decreasing

what happens to walking with aging

shorts steps, shorter stride length, out-toeing, steo height, speed

what happens to throwing with age

slower extension velocities, shorter backswing, less flexion/extension

What happens to running and jumping with age

less leg / knee flexion / extension, shorter stride, greater # of sstrides, arm swing, flatter foot, speed, power

deveopmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, evident before age 3, adversely affects a childs eduational performance

ASD (autism spectrum disorder)

characterized by repetitive and characteristic patterns of behavior and difficulties with social communicaiton and interaction

ASD

About autism, many experts feel like it is …

a variety of disorders that fall along a spectrum

autism repeating of words

Echolalia

People can qualify for special olympics if IQ is below _____

70

how many from the list of behaviors do you need to have to be diagnosed with ADHD

8, prior to age 7