patho 1 final

what do B cells (of the pancreas) secrete

insulin (and amylin)

alpha cells secrete what

glucagon

somatostatin pancreatic delta cells suppresses ____

GH (growth hormone)

______ cells secrete enzymes that aid in digestion

acinar cells

diabetes: impairment of ____ cells

beta cells

Hb variant: _____ indicates whether hyperglycemia is chronic.

HbA1C

>____% HbA1c indicates chronic hyperglycemia.

>6.5%

is a positive 2 hr plasma glucose test conclusive of diabetes?

no, must do HbA1c test

what is pre diabetes HbA1c percentage? ____% - _____%

5.7% to 6.4%

fasting plasma glucose of >____ mg/dL indicates hyperglycemia possibly related to diabetes

>126 mg/dL

PD fasting plasma glucose is between ___-___ mg/dL

100-125 mg/dL

>___mg/dL of a 2hr plasma glucose (oral tolerance test) is indicative of hyperglycemia possibly associated w/ diabetes

>200mg/dL

PD for 2hr plasma glucose (oral tolerance test): ___-____ mg/dL

140-199 mg/dL

type __ diabetes mellitus: early onset; juvenile

type 1

diabetes ______: excessive urination; deficiency in ADH (vasopressin); dehydration

diabetes insipidus

diabetes insipidus characteristics (3)

• excessive urination (polyuria)

• deficiency in ADH (vasopressin)

• dehydration

type __ diabetes: adult/late onset

type 2

hyperglycemia in pregnancy

gestational

which type of diabetes mellitus is insulin dependent?

DM1 (must administer insulin - only way to treat it)

DM1: autoimmune loss of ___ cells therefore resulting in decrease in ____

beta; insulin

DM_ is associated w northern hemisphere; seasonal variations; viral infections

DM1

DM1 is _____ onset

juvenile onset

DM2 is ____ onset

adult onset

DM1: absolute _____ deficiency

absolute insulin deficiency

DM2: altered _____ physiology

insulin

DM_: defective insulin secretion by beta cells

DM2 (has beta cells but improper insulin release)

DM_: associated w/

• family (genetic component)

• diet

• obesity (strongest risk factor)

• cultural/ethnic bg

DM2

DM2 is predominantly _______ independent and has insulin _______

insulin independent; insulin resistance (insulin receptors are insensitive to insulin)

____ is the strongest risk factor for DM2

obesity

activation of lymphocytes produce ___ cell autoantibodies and ______ antibodies.

islet cell; antiGAD65

________ __________ is a strong characteristic of DM1

weight loss

in DM2, with poor diet and inactivity (diabetes) = increased _____ release leads to _____ receptor insensitivity.

insulin; insulin

inc insulin levels in blood

hyperinsulinemia

in DM_: inc glucagon bc no amylin to inhibit

DM2

in DM2, amylin (increases/decreases) bc B cells not functioning

decreases