KIN224: EXAM 3 (Ch 21, 22, 23)

Which fluid does lymph most closely resemble?

Interstitial fluid

True/False: Lymph contains protein.

True

True/False: Lymph contains red blood cells.

False

True/False: The central nervous system contains a dense network of lymphatic capillaries.

False

Lymphatic capillaries

a: cannot be discerned structurally from cardiovascular system capillaries.

b: originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks.

c: filter lymph.

d: concentrate lymph prior to passing it to larger lymphatic vessels.

e: include layers of smooth muscle for peristalsis.

b

Lymphatic capillaries originate in the

a: peripheral nervous system ganglia.

b: red bone marrow.

c: yellow bone marrow.

d: tissue spaces between cells.

e: cisterna chyli.

d

A lymphatic capillary that picks up dietary lipids in the small intestine is called a(n)

a: cisterna chyli.

b: lacteal.

c: afferent lymphatic vessel.

d: trabeculum.

e: efferent lymphatic vessel.

b

The force that drives fluid into lymphatic capillaries is

- ?

hydrostatic pressure

The path that fluid takes as it enters a lymphatic capillary is through

a: pores (fenestrations) in the cells of the capillary wall.

b: cell membrane leakage channels that allow diffusion.

c: vesicles that move the fluid across the cell (transcytosis).

d: spaces between capillary endothelial cells that are arranged as one-way flaps.

e: active transport protein pumps on endothelial cell membranes.

d

The lymphatic system's two main functions are to assist in

a: immunity and fluid balance.

b: blood cell production and endocrine function.

c: endocrine function and neural support.

d: neural support and blood sugar control.

e: removal of fats from the blood and inflammatory responses.

a

Lymph is transported through a network of increasingly larger lymphatic passageways. What is the correct order of these, from smallest diameter to largest diameter?

Capillaries, vessels, trunks, ducts

Lymphatic capillaries

a: are open at both ends.

b: are smaller in diameter than blood capillaries.

c: are like continuous capillaries in that they have many tight junctions.

d: lack a basement membrane.

e: are abundant in epithelial tissues.

d

Because lymphatic vessels have three tunics (intima, media, and externa) and valves, they structurally resemble - ?

veins

True/False: Like veins, lymphatic vessels rely on skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps to help propel fluid through them.

True

Fluid collected in lacteals will be carried in __________ trunks.

intestinal

True/False: The walls of the smallest lymphatic vessels contain muscle tissue that rhythmically propels lymph through the system.

False

True/False: The pulsing of arteries that are adjacent to lymphatic vessels provides a pressure on the vessels that helps them propel the lymph.

True

Of the lymphatic trunks, which ones drain lymph from deep thoracic structures?

Bronchomediastinal trunks

Subclavian trunks drain lymph from the

a: deep thoracic structures.

b: head and neck.

c: upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thorax.

d: abdominopelvic wall.

c

Which of the lymphatic trunks drain into the cisterna chyli?

a: Intestinal trunks

b: Lumbar trunks

c: Intestinal trunks and lumbar trunks

d: Subclavian trunks and jugular trunks

e: Bronchomediastinal trunks and intestinal trunks

c

Which is not drained by the right lymphatic duct?

a: Right side of abdomen

b: Right side of thorax

c: Right side of head and neck

d: Right shoulder

e: Right arm

a

The thoracic duct collects lymph from all of the following except the

a: abdomen.

b: left leg.

c: right arm.

d: right foot.

e: left shoulder.

c

The thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct empty lymph into the

a: superior vena cava.

b: subclavian veins.

c: inferior vena cava.

d: azygos vein.

e: brachiocephalic veins.

b

Which would be the route taken by lymph traveling from lymphatic vessels in the right leg to the bloodstream?

a: Right lumbar trunk - cisterna chyli - thoracic duct - right subclavian vein

b: Right lumbar trunk - cisterna chyli - thoracic duct - left subclavian vein

c: Right lumbar trunk - right intestinal trunk - right lymphatic duct - right subclavian vein

d: Right femoral trunk - right lumbar trunk - right lymphatic duct - superior vena cava

e: Right femoral trunk - cisterna chyli - thoracic duct - left subclavian vein

b

True/False: The spleen is considered a primary lymphatic structure.

False

Although they are not a site of lymphocyte formation, _________ lymphatic structures provide sites where immune responses are initiated.

secondary

The term "primary lymphatic structure" applies

a: only to red bone marrow.

b: to the spleen and lymph nodes.

c: to the red bone marrow and thymus.

d: only to lymph nodes.

e: to lymph nodes and MALT.

c

True/False: Tonsils are secondary lymphatic structures.

True

Red marrow is found within

a: the large cavities contained within the shafts of long bone.

b: compact bone canals.

c: spaces within spongy bone.

d: all osseous tissue of the appendicular skeleton.

c

True/False: The ossa coxae contain red marrow.

True

Which of the following does not contain red marrow?

a: Ribs

b: Sternum

c: Flat bones of the skull

d: Vertebrae

e: Long bones of digits

e

Where do T-lymphocytes mature?

thymus gland

B-lymphocytes are

a: antibody-producing red blood cells.

b: platelets that are generated in the thymus.

c: white blood cells that are generated in red bone marrow.

d: immune system cells that are generated in the tonsils.

e: blood cells found only in people with type B blood.

c

Which part of a thymic lobule contains mature lymphocytes?

medulla

The thymus contains ______ lobes and is located _______.

a: 2; anterior to the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple)

b: 2; in the mediastinum

c: 4; anterior to the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple)

d: 4; in the mediastinum

b

The thymus is at its maximum size

a: at birth.

b: at puberty.

c: between 30 and 50 years of age.

d: in old age.

b

The thymus contains lymphatic cells as well as secretory _________ tissue.

epithelial

Lymphatic organs

a: contain a complete capsule of dense irregular connective tissue.

b: contain an incomplete capsule of dense irregular connective tissue.

c: lack a connective tissue capsule.

a

MALT is found in which layer of the wall of a hollow organ?

a: Epithelial

b: Lamina propria

c: Muscularis externa

d: Submucosa

b

With respect to the lymphatic system, what do the letters in the acronym MALT stand for?

a: Membrane-adhering lymphatic T-cells

b: Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

c: Multiple-antigen lymphocyte target

d: Multiple-antibody lymphocyte test

b

Which area does not contain MALT?

a: Urinary tract

b: Respiratory tract

c: Genital tract

d: Gastrointestinal tract

e: No exceptions; all choices contain MALT

e

Regions of MALT called Peyer patches are found in the

small intestine

Another name for a lymphatic follicle is a

lymphatic nodule.

Lymphatic nodules consist of:

a: central arteries and monocytes.

b: lymphatic cells, extracellular matrix, and an incomplete connective tissue capsule.

c: crypts, trabeculae, and Reed-Sternberg cells.

d: afferent vessels, efferent vessels, a cortex, and medulla.

e: a hilum that is located intermediate to two lobules.

b: lymphatic cells, extracellular matrix, and an incomplete connective tissue capsule

True/False: The appendix contains lymphatic nodules.

True

Tonsils have multiple invaginated outer edges called _______ that help trap material.

crypts

Which are not tonsils?

a: Adenoids

b: Palatine tonsils

c: Pharyngeal tonsils

d: Lingual tonsils

e: Palatoglossal tonsils

e: palatoglossal tonsils

The main function of tonsils is to detect and protect against infections agents that are

a: in the blood.

b: in the lymph.

c: ingested or inhaled.

d: secreted by salivary glands.

c: ingested or inhaled

The pharyngeal tonsils are located

a: along the posterior margins of the tongue.

b: in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx.

c: at the base of the palatoglossal arches.

d: in the posterolateral region of the oral cavity.

e: lateral to the uvula in the oropharynx.

b: in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx

Lymph nodes may be found individually, or clustered in specific regions of the body. Which cluster of lymph nodes receives lymph from the head and neck?

a: Inguinal lymph nodes

b: Cervical lymph nodes

c: Thoracic lymph nodes

d: Axillary lymph nodes

e: Abdominal lymph nodes

b: cervical lymph nodes

Which is not correct regarding lymph nodes?

a: They contain strands of lymphatic cells supported by medullary cords.

b: They are drained by efferent lymphatic vessels.

c: They contain macrophages.

d: They filter lymph.

e: No exceptions; all are true of lymph nodes.

e

Which is not correct regarding lymph nodes?

a: They are covered by a connective tissue capsule.

b: They contain a network of lymphatic sinuses.

c: Each node has an outer cortex and inner medulla.

d: Connective tissue bands called tendineae divide nodes.

e: Lymphatic nodules produce lymphocytes.

d

Lymph nodes

a: filter lymph.

b: contain a dense network of collagen fibers.

c: serve as auxiliary exchange surfaces for respiratory gases.

d: produce red blood cells.

e: serve as the main recycling centers for red blood cells and their parts.

a: filter lymph

When women with breast cancer undergo surgery to remove the tumor or the entire breast, the axillary lymph nodes are often removed as well. Why?

a: In removing the breast, the blood supply to the nodes is removed and they will inevitably cease to function.

b: The axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the breast and may contain cancer cells.

c: The nerves that supply the axillary lymph nodes are often cut during the breast surgery.

d: It is impossible to remove the breast without physically damaging the lymph nodes.

e: With the removal of the breast, there is no further need for lymph drainage and filtering in that part of the body.

b

Typically, a hilum of a lymph node contains

a: one afferent lymphatic vessel.

b: one efferent lymphatic vessel.

c: numerous afferent vessels.

d: numerous efferent vessels.

b: one efferent lymphatic vessel

True/False: The cortex of a lymph node contains multiple lymphatic nodules.

True

The term "swollen glands" is usually meant to refer to lymph nodes in which

a: the valves of afferent vessels are bulging.

b: macrophages are clogging afferent lymphatic vessels.

c: lymphocytes are proliferating in germinal centers.

d: phagocytes are consuming the infected lymph nodes.

e: macrophages are entering at the hilum.

c: lymphocytes are proliferating in germinal centers

Which lymphatic organ contains red pulp and white pulp?

spleen

Which is not a function of the spleen?

a: Serves as a platelet reservoir

b: Filters blood

c: Filters lymph

d: Recycles aged erythrocytes

e: Houses lymphocytes

c: filters lymph

True/False: One of the functions of the spleen is phagocytosis of bacteria in the blood.

True

In which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located?

left upper quadrant

The hilum of the spleen is part of its

a: concave anteromedial border.

b: concave posterolateral border.

c: convex anteromedial border.

d: convex posterolateral border.

a: concave anteromedial border

Which is not correct regarding the spleen?

a: It has an outer cortex and inner medulla.

b: It is divided into sections by capsular extensions called trabeculae.

c: Its white pulp contains T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages.

d: Its blood is supplied by the splenic artery and drained by the splenic vein.

a

Within the red pulp of the spleen are enlarged capillaries called _________, which have a discontinuous basal lamina that allows blood cells to enter and exit easily.

splenic sinusoids

Which is not correct regarding the white pulp of the spleen?

a: Its cells include T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages.

b: Its cells are arranged in clusters that are circular in shape.

c: It contains a central artery.

d: It serves as a blood reservoir.

d

True/False: One of the functions of the lymphatic system is to transport fat.

True

True/False: The walls of lymphatic capillaries are only one cell thick.

True

True/False: The germinal center of a lymphatic nodule contains proliferating B-lymphocytes and macrophages.

True

True/False: The thymus gland begins to atrophy immediately after birth.

False

True/False: The spleen is essentially a giant lymph node, because it is encapsulated, has trabeculae, and filters lymph to remove antigens.

False

Which is not part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

a: Alveoli

b: Trachea

c: Larynx

d: Nasal cavity

e: Bronchi

a

Which is not a function of the respiratory system?

a: Sound reception

b: Gas exchange

c: Odor detection

d: Air passage

a

The terms "upper respiratory system" and "lower respiratory system" are ___________ categorizations of the respiratory system.

structural

Which region(s) of the pharynx is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

nasopharynx

Terminal bronchioles of the lower respiratory system are lined with

a: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

b: simple cuboidal epithelium.

c: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

d: stratified columnar epithelium.

e: nonkeratinized stratified squamous.

b

Exposure to irritants causes mucus production to

increase

True/False: Mucous secretions of the respiratory tract include antimicrobial substances such as lysozyme and defensins.

True

Mucin _______ the viscosity of mucus, facilitating the ______ of dust and dirt particles.

increases; trapping

Several things happen to inhaled air in a process called conditioning. Select the exception.

a: The air is cooled.

b: The air is humidified.

c: The air is cleansed.

d: The air is moistened.

e: The air becomes turbulent.

a

The nose contains a single septal cartilage. How many alar cartilages are in the nose?

four

The region of the nasal cavity immediately internal to the nostrils is the _________; it contains coarse guard hairs.

a: choanae

b: olfactory region

c: vestibule

d: respiratory region

e: nasopharynx

c

An air passage (valley) beneath a turbinate within the nasal cavity is referred to as a

meatus

Which bone does not contain a paranasal sinus?

mandible

What structures are used by both the respiratory and digestive systems?

a: Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

b: Laryngopharynx and larynx

c: Nasal cavity and nasopharynx

d: Paranasal sinuses

e: Laryngopharynx and esophagus

a

Which statement is false regarding the oropharynx?

a: It houses the paired palatine tonsils.

b: It is located posterior to the oral cavity.

c: It houses the lingual tonsils.

d: It houses the pharyngeal tonsil.

e: It extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone.

d

Into what region of the pharynx do auditory tubes open?

a: Oropharynx

b: Nasopharynx

c: Laryngopharynx

b

Food is normally prevented from entering the nasopharynx by the

a: elevation of the epiglottis.

b: elevation of the soft palate.

c: depression of the hard palate.

d: closure of the nasal conchae.

e: constriction of the esophagus.

b

What structure is also known as the "voice box"?

a: Larynx

b: Pharynx

c: Esophagus

d: Bronchus

e: Trachea

a

What connects the pharynx to the trachea?

larynx

What structure prevents food and drink from entering the trachea, conducts air, and produces sound?

larynx

The larynx is supported by nine pieces of cartilage. Which cartilages occur in pairs?

corniculate, cuneiform, arytenoid

The male voice tends to be in a lower range than a female's voice because men have

a: more taut vestibular folds.

b: more air to push through the rima glottidis.

c: wider arytenoid cartilages.

d: shorter and fatter vestibular ligaments.

e: longer and thicker vocal folds.

e

Pitch refers to the ________ of sound waves; pitch is determined by the tension produced by ________ laryngeal muscles.

frequency, intrinsic

What structure connects the larynx to the primary bronchi?

trachea

Tracheal cartilages provide for _______ on the ________ aspect of the trachea.

rigidity, anterior

What prevents the trachea from collapsing?

a: The internal air pressure within the trachea

b: The surrounding muscles

c: The internal epithelium

d: The C-shaped cartilaginous rings

d

Which statement is true regarding the location of the trachea?

a: It lies superior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

b: It lies posterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

c: It lies anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and inferior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

d: It lies anterior to the esophagus, inferior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

e: It lies superior to the esophagus, superior to the larynx, and superior to the primary bronchi of the lungs.

d

How long is the average trachea?

12-14 cm

What type of tissue lines the trachea?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Foreign particles

a: are more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus.

b: are more likely to lodge in the left primary bronchus.

c: lodge equally often in each of the two primary bronchi.

a