euro chapter 22&23

Napoleon III

The first President of France and later Emperor, known for his role in the Crimean War and the modernization of Paris.

Baron Haussmann

The prefect of the Seine under Napoleon III who oversaw the renovation of Paris.

Crimean War

A conflict from 1853 to 1856 in which France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire fought against Russia.

Florence Nightingale

Pioneer of modern nursing, known for her work during the Crimean War.

King Emmanuel II of Italy

The first King of Italy after its unification in 1861.

Cavour

The Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia who played a key role in Italian unification.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian military leader who contributed to the unification of Italy.

Zollverein

A customs union of German states formed in 1834 to promote free trade.

William I of Prussia

The King of Prussia and first German Emperor, crowned in 1871.

Otto von Bismarck

The Chancellor of Germany known for his role in unifying Germany through Realpolitik.

Realpolitik

A system of politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.

Danish War

The 1864 conflict between Denmark and the German states, leading to the acquisition of Schleswig and Holstein.

Austro-Prussian War

The 1866 conflict that resulted in the dissolution of the German Confederation.

Franco-Prussian War

The conflict from 1870 to 1871 that led to the unification of Germany.

Germanic Confederation

A loose association of German states established after the Congress of Vienna.

Second German Empire

The German Empire established in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War.

Kaiser William I

The first Emperor of the German Empire.

Act of Emancipation (Austria)

Legislation passed in 1848 that abolished serfdom in Austria.

Francis Joseph of Austria

Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary known for his long reign.

Ausgleich (Comp of 1867)

The compromise that created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

Austria-Hungary

A dual monarchy formed in 1867 with separate governments for Austria and Hungary.

Alexander II of Russia

The Tsar of Russia known for his reform policies, including the Emancipation Edict.

Emancipation edict (Russia)

The 1861 decree that abolished serfdom in Russia.

Zemstvos

Local governing bodies set up in Russia in 1864 to manage regional affairs.

Alexander Herzen

Russian writer and political thinker known for his role in the populist movement.

Populism

A political approach that seeks to represent the interests of ordinary people.

Reform Act of 1832

Legislation that expanded the electorate in Britain, redistributing seats in Parliament.

Queen Victoria

The Queen of the United Kingdom from 1837 to 1901, symbolizing the British Empire.

Benjamin Disraeli

A British politician and Prime Minister known for his conservative policies.

Reform Act of 1867

An extension of voting rights in Britain, particularly for working-class men.

Education Act of 1870

Legislation that established compulsory education for children in Britain.

Marxism

A socioeconomic theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels advocating for class struggle.

Karl Marx

The philosopher and economist known for developing the theory of Marxism.

Friedrich Engels

Partner of Marx in developing Marxist theory and co-author of The Communist Manifesto.

Communist Manifesto

A political pamphlet by Marx and Engels outlining the principles of communism.

Proletariat

The working class, as defined in Marxist theory.

Bourgeoisie

The capitalist class that owns the means of production.

Das Kapital

A foundational theoretical text in materialist philosophy and economics written by Marx.

Socialism

A political and economic theory advocating for social ownership and democratic control of the means of production.

Thermodynamics

A branch of physics dealing with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.

Mendeleev

The chemist known for formulating the Periodic Law and creating the periodic table.

Faraday

A scientist noted for his contributions to electromagnetism and electrochemistry.

Positivism

A philosophical theory stating that only scientific knowledge derived from empirical evidence is of real value.

Materialism

A philosophy that prioritizes material possessions and physical wellbeing over spiritual values.

Evolution

The biological process by which species change over time through natural selection.

Darwin

The naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution through natural selection.

Origin of the Species

Darwin's influential book presenting evidence for evolution and natural selection.

Natural selection

The process in evolution by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.

Organic evolution

The gradual development of living organisms from earlier forms through the process of mutation and natural selection.

The Descent of Man

A work by Darwin discussing human evolution and sexual selection.

Louis Pasteur

A microbiologist known for his discoveries in vaccination and pasteurization.

Pasteurization

The process of heating liquids to kill pathogens and prolong shelf life.

Joseph Lister

A pioneer of antiseptic surgery who promoted the use of sterilization in operating rooms.

Anesthetics

Substances that induce insensitivity to pain during medical procedures.

Public health movement

An effort aimed at improving health standards and preventing disease.

Elizabeth Blackwell

The first woman to obtain a medical degree in the United States.

Auguste Comte

A philosopher known for founding positivism and sociology.

Realism

An art and literary movement that aimed to depict life accurately and without idealization.

Gustave Flaubert

A French novelist known for his work Madame Bovary.

Madame Bovary

A novel by Flaubert that explores themes of romanticism and disillusion.

Thackeray

An English novelist known for his satirical works, especially Vanity Fair.

Dickens

A renowned English writer known for his vivid characters and depictions of Victorian society.

Courbet

A French painter associated with the Realism movement.

Millet

A Realist painter known for his depictions of peasant life.

The Gleaners

A painting by Millet illustrating the plight of rural laborers.

Liszt

A Hungarian composer and musician known for his virtuosic piano pieces.

Richard Wagner

A German composer known for his operas and the concept of Gesamtkunstwerk.

New German School

A movement in music and composition emphasizing emotional content and Wagner's ideas.

Second Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid industrial growth and innovation during the late 19th century.

Chemicals

Substances obtained by chemical processes, crucial to industrial growth.

Thomas Edison

An American inventor known for developing the electric light bulb and phonograph.

Alexander Graham Bell

An inventor credited with inventing the first practical telephone.

Guglielmo Marconi

An inventor known for developing long-range radio transmission.

Internal combustion engine

An engine that generates power through the combustion of fuel and air.

Gottlieb Daimler

A pioneer in the automotive industry, known for creating the first high-speed gasoline engine.

Henry Ford

An industrialist who revolutionized automobile manufacturing with assembly line production.

The Wright Brothers

American inventors credited with building and flying the first successful airplane.

Consumerism

A cultural and economic ideology that encourages the purchase of goods and services.

Protective tariffs

Taxes imposed on imports to protect domestic industries.

Cartels

A group of independent companies that collaborate to regulate production and prices.

Rhenish-Westphalian Coal Syndicate

A major coal-producing cartel in Germany during the late 19th century.

Assembly line

A production method that breaks down manufacturing into simpler, repetitive tasks.

La belle époque

A period in Western history characterized by cultural flourishing and economic prosperity during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

European economic zones

Regions in Europe characterized by economic collaboration and integration.

Specialization of food products

The focus on producing specific food items to improve efficiency and quality.

“Sweating”

A system in which workers are paid low wages while their employers profit, often associated with poor working conditions.

White-collar jobs

Occupations that typically involve office work and do not require manual labor.

Contagious Diseases Acts

British laws aimed at controlling the spread of diseases, often criticized for their implications on public health and women's rights.

German Social Democratic Party (SPD)

A major political party in Germany advocating for socialist policies.

Marxist Social Democratic Labor Party

A political party in Russia that aimed to promote the principles of Marxism.

General Confederation of Labor

A national trade union center in France, representing a variety of labor interests.

Anarchism

A political philosophy that advocates for a society without government or hierarchical structures.

Michael Bakunin

A Russian anarchist known for his opposition to centralized authority.

Edwin Chadwick

A Victorian-era social reformer known for his work in public health.

Solomon Neumann

Known for contributions in urban reform and public health initiatives.

Public Health Act of 1875

Legislation in the UK that aimed to improve sanitation and public health.

Octavia Hill

A social reformer known for her work in housing and urban improvement.

Lord Leverhulme

A British industrialist known for his contributions to social responsibility in business.

Housing Act of 1890

Legislation aimed at improving rental housing conditions.

The Elite

A social class consisting of the highest-status individuals in society.