history 10 final

Cobalt in the Congo - current event

crucial resource for batteries, especially in electric vehicles, and its extraction in the Congo often involves child labor and unsafe working conditions

Haitian Revolution

only successful slave revolt in history that led to the establishment of Haiti as the first free black republic. led to reparations

Haiti’s social hierarchy

88% enslaved, 7% white, 2.5% mulattos, 5% free ppl of color

Toussaint L’Overture

one leader of the revolution, took over after dutty boukman and organized military, changed name to l’overture meaning opening

Jean Jacques Dessalines

another key leader in rev, took over after l’overture was captured in being tricked and was killing everyone even his own people so he was assassinated by own ppl

Short and long term results

abolition of slavery in Haiti, first independent black republic and renamed Haiti, forced to pay reparation and poverty

Inventions related to factories, transportation

steam engine, no more horses, cotton gin, assembly line

Textiles

machines for weaving and spinning fabrics, which revolutionized the textile industry and increased production

Waltham and Lowell factories

textile Mills in mass, helped make us a global industrial superpower

Entrepreneurs

individuals who took risks to start new businesses, often fostering innovation and economic growth

Bourgeoise

high wealthy class, not workers they invested and owned company, pushed industrialization

Karl Marx

marxist ideology, which critiques capitalism and supports a classless society—-focussed on struggle between prolitariet and bourgeogiese

Communist Manifesto

political pamphlet written by Carl Marx, critiques capitalism and advocates for the working class's rights and the establishment of a classless society

Proletariat

working class who sell their labor and are exploited by the bourgeoisie in a capitalist society

Capitalists

owners of the means of production who profit from the labor of the proletariat

Factory system vs. cottage industry

The factory system centralizes production in large-scale facilities, contrasting with the cottage industry where goods are made by individuals at home.

Factory conditions

unsafe practices and poor labor standards, long working shifts

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization or military force.

Causes of imperialism

economic motives, nationalism, political competition, and cultural motives

To annex (verb)

assert sovereignty over another territory and incorporate it into one's own state.

Scramble for Africa

The rapid invasion, colonization, and division of African territory by European powers in the late 19th century.

Paternal (connected to imperialism)

where a nation governs another in a manner likened to a parent-child relationship, often justifying control over colonies as necessary for their development

Berlin Conference

where European powers established rules for the colonization and division of Africa, ensuring a balance of power and preventing conflict among themselves.

Belgium in the Congo

King Leopold II's personal control over Congo Free State, characterized by exploitation and severe human rights abuses

Alice Harris and Nsala of Wala

Alice Harris was a photographer who documented the atrocities in the Congo Free State, while Nsala of Wala was a Congolese chief who protested against the exploitation

White Man’s Burden

belief that it is the duty of white colonizers to civilize and educate non-white populations.

Sepoy

indian soldier

Sepoy Rebellion

where sepoys protested against cultural insensitivity and exploitation by the British East India Company.

Opium War

a conflict between Britain and China over the British trade of opium, leading to significant political and territorial changes.

Causes of WWI

militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism leading to the outbreak of the war.

Militarism

the buildup of military forces and arms in preparation for war, contributing to the tensions between nations.

Alliances in ww1

allies: france, Russia, uk and later the United States; central powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire.

Imperialism (connected to WWI)

the policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization or military force

Nationalism

a strong sense of pride in one's nation, often leading to the desire for independence or dominance over other nations.

Total War

mobilizing all of a nation's resources, including civilian and economic efforts, to achieve complete victory in warfare

Home Front

the civilian’s contribution to the war effort, including industry, agriculture, and support services during wartime.

Trench warfare

soldiers fight from deep trenches, leading to stalemates and high casualties, especially prevalent during World War I.

No-man’s Land

spaces between trenches

Propaganda /Tools of propaganda

to unite a population against a common enemy or promote ones own nation: emotional appeal, repetition, demonization

Sussex Pledge

a promise made by Germany to the United States during World War I to ensure the safety of American passengers on merchant and passenger ships, following the sinking of the Sussex.

Lusitania

a British ocean liner sunk by a germany, leading to increased tensions between Germany and the United States bc 128 us killed

Zimmerman Telegram

a secret diplomatic communication sent by Germany to Mexico during World War I, proposing a military alliance against the United States. This telegram contributed to the U.S. entry into the war.

League of Nations

an international organization founded after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among countries, although it ultimately failed to prevent further conflicts.

President Wilson

known for his leadership during World War I and for advocating the establishment of the League of Nations.

14 Points

a series of proposals put forward by President Wilson in 1918 outlining his vision for a just peace after World War I, which included principles like self-determination and the establishment of the League of Nations.

Espionage and Sabotage Act

a 1917 U.S. law that imposed harsh penalties for espionage, sabotage, and interference with military operations, aimed at suppressing dissent during World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

the peace treaty that ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany while establishing the League of Nations.

Fascism

prioritizes states power over individual rights

Appeasement

the diplomatic policy of conceding to the demands of aggressive powers to maintain peace, notably used with Nazi Germany in the 1930s.

Neville Chamberlain

the British Prime Minister known for his policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany prior to World War II, infamously declaring "peace for our time" after the Munich Agreement.

Joseph Stalin

the leader of the Soviet Union implementing totalitarian regimes and centralized economic planning, leading to significant industrialization and widespread purges.

Benito Mussolini

the Italian dictator and founder of Fascism, who allied with Nazi Germany during World War II.

Russian Revolution

a series of events in 1917 that led to the overthrow of the Tsarist regime and the establishment of a communist government in Russia

Czar (also spelled tsar)

russian king

Romanov family

the last ruling dynasty of Russia

Grigori Rasputin

significant influence over the last Russian royal family, was associated with the downfall of the Romanov dynasty. he cured the hemophilia of son

Czar Nicholas II

last Russian czar who stepped down during the Russian revolution

To abdicate (verb)

means to formally give up one's throne or position of power

Vladimir Lenin

leader of the Bolshevik Revolution and founder of the Soviet state. key role in the establishment of a communist government in Russia.

Red Terror

a campaign of political repression and violence during the Russian Civil War, initiated by the Bolsheviks to eliminate opposition

Great Purge

a campaign led by Stalin in the late 1930s to eliminate dissent within the Communist Party and consolidate his power—-eliminated all percieved threats incredibly violently

Gulag

under Stalin: a system of labor camps in the Soviet Union notorious for harsh conditions

USSR

union of Soviet socialist republics

Duma

russian parliment created to address reform

Communism ussr

political system advocating for a classless society

Revolution of 1917 - causes and results

led to overthrow of tsarist regime and establishment of Bolshevik rule in Russia, leading to a civil war and formation of the Soviet Union.

Causes of WWII

included economic instability, unresolved issues from WWI, and the rise of totalitarian regimes

US entry into WWII

marked by the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which led to the United States declaring war on Japan and subsequently joining the Allied Powers

British and French entry into WWII

german invasion of poland

Appeasement

policy of maintain peace with a higher power, particularily before WW2

Allies

us, Britain, france, ussr

Axis Powers

germany, Italy, japan

Nazis

political party in Germany led by Adolf Hitler that rose to power in the 1930s and responsible for World War II and the Holocaust.

Holocaust

murder of 6 million Jews caused by antisemitism

Pearl Harbor (date and significance)

dec 7, 1941

Women’s role in WWII

Women took on various roles, including military service, factory work, and supporting the war effort on the home front, significantly altering traditional gender roles.

Executive Order 9066

A United States presidential directive signed during World War II that authorized the internment of Japanese Americans in camps.

Internment camps

established during WWII to detain Japanese Americans and others deemed a threat to national security—-west coast

Blitzkrieg

military strategy used by the Germans in WWII, characterized by rapid attacks and overwhelming force.

Kamikaze

japanese suicide pilots

D-Day

the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, marking a significant turning point in WWII.

Atomic bombs

Nuclear weapons dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II, leading to Japan's surrender.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

where the bombs were dropped: many people killed and harmed from nuclear radiation impact

End of WWII and results

The conclusion of World War II in 1945, characterized by the defeat of Axis powers, significant territorial changes, and the establishment of the United Nations.

Oskar Schindler

A German businessman who saved over a thousand Polish Jews during the Holocaust by employing them in his factories.

Bosnian Genocide

The mass killing of Bosniaks and Croats during the Bosnian War in the 1990s, characterized by ethnic cleansing and systematic violence.

Causes of Cold War

The political and ideological tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union following World War II, driven by divergent economic systems and conflicting ambitions for global influence.

Iron Curtain speech

Winston Churchill's speech highlighted the division between Western democracies and Eastern communist countries.

Berlin Wall

A barrier constructed to separate East and West Berlin, symbolizing the Cold War's division of Europe and preventing East Germans from fleeing to the West.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization— a military alliance formed in 1949 to provide collective defense against the Soviet Union.

Warsaw Pact

A collective defense treaty established in 1955 among Soviet-aligned countries in Eastern Europe, primarily as a response to NATO.

Arms race

A competition between nations, particularly during the Cold War, to amass superior military capabilities and stockpiles of weapons.

Space race

The competition between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War to achieve significant milestones in space exploration

Domino theory

A political theory suggesting that if one country in a region fell to communism, neighboring countries would follow in a domino effect.

Truman Doctrine

us foreign policy aimed at containing communism by providing materials and money to countries affected by communist threats.

Containment policy

A geopolitical strategy aimed at preventing the spread of communism by providing support to nations resisting communist influence.

Successes and failures of the containment policy

successes: establishment of nato which provided a united front against ussr, prevention of communist takeovers in Korea and greece

failures: fall of Saigon in Vietnam

Proxy war (definition, examples)

A conflict where two opposing countries or parties support combatants that serve their interests instead of waging war directly. Examples include the Korean War and the Vietnam War.

Korean War

north korea supported by china and USSR and south Korea supported by un forces aimed at preventing the spread of communism ending in the 38th parallel separation

38th parallel

The dividing line between North and South Korea established at the end of the Korean War, effectively separating the two nations.