Bio Test #3

temperature

affects enzyme activity by leading to more frequent collisions, but can also can cause enzyme denaturation

pH

affects enzyme activity by only allowing the enzyme to work in a specific range (affects charge of amino acids)

substrate concentration

increases enzyme activity to a certain point, until all active sites are occupied

enzyme concentration

increases enzyme activity by increasing reaction rate, but not affecting final product yield

competitive inhibition

blocks enzyme activity by taking the place of the substrate in the active site

allosteric inhibition

blocks enzyme activity by binding to the secondary site, which changes shape of active site

cofactor

nonprotein chemical factor required for an enzyme to function properly

coenzyme

organic cofactor

induced fit

model that says that enzyme’s active sites are flexible in shape

lower activitation energy

enzymes do this by bringing substrates into optimal orientation, straining bonds, stabilizing transition states, providing favorable environments, or temporary covalent bonding

mouth

entry point for both respiratory and digestive tracks

tongue

moves food around the mouth, mixing it with saliva and aiding chewing

teeth

breaks down food for digesting

salivary glands

secretes saliva to moisten mouth, aid in digestion, lubricate, and maintain oral hygiene.

pharynx

shared by respiratory and digestive system, connects nasopharynx and oral cavity

epiglottis

covers trachea during swallowing so food doesn’t travel into the lungs

esophagus

transporting food, liquid, and saliva from the throat to the stomach

cardiac sphincter

muscle acting as the valve between esophagus and stomach, prevents acid reflux while allowing food to pass

stomach

stores, churns, and breaks down food

pyloric sphincter

muscle that acts as the valve between the stomach and small intestine

duodenum

first part of the small intestine, primary site for breaking down food

liver

largest organ, performs many vital tasks including digesting fats and regulating blood sugar

gallbladder

organ that stores and concentrates bile

bile

breaks down dietary fats into fatty acids

pancreas

produces enzymes and secretes regulatory hormones

small intestine

breaks down semi-liquid food, absorbs about 90% of nutrients and water into system

appendix

acts as a bacterial reservoir, trains immune cells in lymphoid tissue

large intestine

finalizes the digestive process, including fermenting waste

rectum

stores feces until it is expelled

anus

controls defecation and expells waste

salivary amylase

produced in salivary glands, initiates breakdown of starches

pancreatic amylase

produced in pancreas, finalizes digestion of starches

pepsin

produced in stomach, breaks down dietary proteins into smaller polypeptides

trypsin

produced in the pancreas, breaks down polypeptides into digestible amino acids