Dr Fahim Final Exam FULL Chap 20 Gastrointestinal System IU Indianapolis

Physical digestion is ___

mechanical (breaking down the food)

Chemical digestion is ____ ___

Enzymatic hydrolysis

Absorption in the digestive system happens in ____ to ____

intestine -> Blood

Secretion in the digestion system happens can happen in the?

intestine, accessory glands

Where does the GI tract start?

Elementary canal (mouth)

Where does the GI tract end?

rectum and anus

What is motility in the digestive system?

movement of the elementary canal to make sure the fluid moves from mouth to anus

The GI tract is a ____ tube that is ___ ft long

hollow, 15

Mouth -> _____ -> esophagus -> small intestine

pharynx

Mouth -> pharynx -> esophagus -> small intestine -> ___ -> rectum -> anus

colon

The accessory gland ____ enzymes and other digestive ___

secretes, aids

The accessory gland is ___ the GI tract

outside

The mucosa of the GI tract is the?

lining of the lumen

The submucosa is the ___ ___ of the wall in the GI tract

connective tissue

The muscularis externa in the GI tract is made up of ____ ____

smooth muscle

The serosa in the GI tract is connective tissue and _______

mesothelium

innermost layer of GI tract wall

Mucosa

Outermost layer of GI tract wall

Serosa

enterocytes are ___ cells

epithelial

The mucosa has a ___ ___

mucous membrane

The mucous membrane of the mucosa has what three type of cells

Absorptive cells, Exocrine cells, Endocrine cells

Exocrine cells are mostly responsible for?

secretions

Endocrine cells are mostly responsible for?

hormones

The lamina propria contains the?

Blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, lymph tissues (nodules and peyer's patches)

The muscularis mucosa has ___ and ____ smooth muscle

circular, longitudinal

The muscularis mucosa is responsible for ____

mixing

The submucosa has connective tissue which is responsible for the ____ and ____

elasticity and distensibility

The submucosa contains

connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels

The submucosal plexus is apart of the ____ nervous system

enteric

The muscularis externa circular layer is a ___ unit

single

The muscularis externa longitudinal layer is a ___ unit

multi

The muscularis externa longitudinal layer decreases ____

length

The muscularis externa circular layer decreases ___

diameter

The muscularis externa is apart of the ____ nervous system

enteric

mesothelium is the

outer most layer of the serosa

the serosa is continuous with the ?

mesenteries

The ____ holds all of the GI tract together

mesenteries

Digestion begins with?

mastication (mechanical)

Saliva acts as a ____ and contains ____

lubricant, salivary amylase

salivary amylase is an enzyme that is important in enzymatic hydrolysis of____ and ___

starch, glycogen

salivary amylase is an enzyme that is important in enzymatic hydrolysis of starch because it breaks it down into?

sugar

The pharynx is a ___ ____

common passageway

Upper one third of esophagus is ___ muscle

skeletal

Lower two thirds of esophagus is ___ muscle

smooth

Empty stomach volume

50 mL

Full stomach volume

1000 mL

The stomach secretes ____ ___

gastric juices (causes enzymatic hydrolysis)

The stomach contracts to mix ___ and ___ emptying

chyme, gastric

The rugae are folds in the stomach that allow the stomach to ____ to receive higher volume

extend

The gastric pits are located in the ___ ___

stomach lining

parietal cells secrete ___

acid

Chief cells (principle cells) secrete ____

pepsinogen

Neck cells secrete ___

mucus (protects stomach)

Parietal cells secrete _____ ___ and ____ ___

hydrogen ions and intrinsic factor

G cells secrete

gastrin

intrinsic factor function

absorbing vitamin B12

pH of stomach is

2

The high pH of the stomach is necessary to activate?

pepsinogen

The gastric mucosal barrier is a ____ layer made of ___ and ____

protective, mucus, bicarbonate

pepsinogen is ____

inactive

Pepsin is ___

active

Goblet cells secrete ___ and ____

mucus, HCO3-

The small intestine is the ___ site of ___ and absorption

primary, digestion

The duodenum has ____ ___ secreted into it

pancreatic juices

Bile is secreted from the?

liver

Bile is stored in the?

gallbladder

The pancreas has a direct connect into the the ____

duodenum

Why is bi-carb at the duodenum specifically?

neutralizes the acidity of food coming from the stomach

Bile salts are important for ____

emulsification

Emulsifier is not ___ ____

enzymatic hydrolysis

Emulsifier prepares ___ to be digested

lipid

In the small intestine absorption occurs in the first ___ percent of its length

20

The microvilli is the ___ border

brush

Why does most of the digestion happen in the small intestine

villi, microvilli

Crypts of Lieberkühn are _____ cells that secrete _____ rich fluid

Epithelial, Bi-carb

The Bi-carb rich fluid is secreted in the ____ ___ ___

proximal small intestine

The Bi-carb rich fluid is absorbed in the ____ ___ ___

distal small intestine

The liver is a ____ organ

accessory

Mesenteric veins combine together to form the ____ ___ vein

hepatic portal

Function of Hepatic Portal System

detoxify substances and processes certain nutrients

The hepatic portal system starts with _____

capillaries

Hepatic portal system order

Capillaries > Mesenteric veins > Hepatic portal veins > Hepatic vein

Function of hepatic artery

provides the liver with oxygenated blood

The long muscle all throughout the colon

Teniae coli

Colon functions

concentrate wastes into feces

absorption of water and electrolytes

storage of feces

The internal anal sphincter is ___ muscle

smooth

The external anal sphincter is ____ muscle

skeletal

Exocrine pancreas secretes ____ ____

pancreatic juices

Salivary glands and Exocrine pancreas are ___ cells

acini

Saliva is rich in ___ ions

bicarb

Enzymes in saliva is?

salivary amylase

lysozyme

Lysozyme breaks down ___

bacteria (breaks the bacteria wall down)

Pancreatic juice is very rich in

bicarb

Bi carb neutralizes?

acid

amylase is important for digestion of

startch

lipase is important for digestion of

lipids

Proteases is important of digestion of

proteins

Nucleases =

nucleic acid

The liver process ___ into ___ amino acids and that into ___

glucose, glycogen, fatty acid

The liver removes old ____ ___ ___

red blood cells