Western Civilization Modules 1-4

At the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church:

reaffirmed almost all of the doctrines that Protestants criticized.

During the sixteenth century, in both Protestant and Catholic countries, marriage practices changed to encourage:

more parental control over their children's choice of marriage partners.

Henry VIII's first wife was:

Catherine of Aragon.

In comparison to Lutheranism, Calvinism was much more:

authoritarian with respect to personal conduct and morality.

In contrast to Lutherans, Zwinglians, and Calvinists, Anabaptists:

believed that only adults should be baptized, not children.

In order to limit the possibility that "a priesthood of all believers" might result in greater equality across classes and genders, Luther:

stopped speaking about the concept almost entirely.

Luther believed that works of piety and charity were:

the natural outgrowth of justification and Christian devotion.

Luther received support from German princes for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

Protestant princes believed the papacy to be corrupt and so politically irrelevant.

Luther was protected from persecution and harm:

by Frederick the Wise.

Luther's act of nailing his ninety-five theses to the wall:

was the usual way of announcing scholarly debates on various issues.

Luther's religious reforms included all of the following EXCEPT:

denying that Christ was truly present at the Lord's Supper.

Luther's scathing denunciations of the papacy were met with popular support because:

many German peoples were dissatisfied with the corruption of the papacy.

Martin Luther joined the _________ order.

Augustinian

Perhaps the two most influential religious texts of the sixteenth century were Loyola's Spiritual Exercises and:

Calvin's Institutes.

Prior to founding the Society of Jesus, Ignatius Loyola was:

a mercenary soldier.

Protestants generally believed that people:

were innately bad.

Radical Protestantism could be antithetical to human reason:

because Protestants emphasized unquestioning faith.

Some of Protestantism's earliest successes were in:

northern Germany and Scandinavia.

The "Elizabethan settlement" included all of the following EXCEPT:

accepting papal authority over the monasteries and convents.

The central feature of Calvinist worship was:

the sermon.

The Peace of Augsburg in 1555:

established the principle that the ruler of a territory determined the religion of that territory.

The Reformation changed the role of the family in Protestant society by:

arguing that sin could be checked if women married at a young age.

The Swiss city of Zürich is most often associated with which Protestant reformer?

Zwingli.

When peasants in much of Germany revolted against their landlords:

Luther condemned the revolt and urged the ruthless suppression of the rebels.

Why would Clement VII not permit King Henry VIII of England to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn?

Because Catherine's nephew, Emperor Charles V, controlled Rome and disapproved of Henry's request for a divorce.

What was a chief complaint critics leveled against Calvin's theology?

That it was too "new"

Luther, in reference to Saints Severinus and Paschal, questioned whether souls desired:

To be redeemed from purgatory

Pope Leo’s Papal Bull compares Martin Luther to which of the following?

a fox

According to Luther, the Pope has no power to remit what?

Guilt

What was a common theme to the many articles listed by the revolting German peasants

Economic abuses that limited access to needed resources

What did Luther believe was a fitting punishment for the peasants who he believed sinned against God?

The death of body and soul

Why did Calvin write for a French audience?

Because he believed they hungered for Christ, but had received little knowledge of Him.

Pope Leo X accuses Martin Luther of disturbing all of the following except the _____

legality

Why did Luther feel it necessary to speak against the peasants in 1525? 

Because they "acted like mad dogs" in refusing to yield to authority

Martin Luther believes __________ to have written the Papal Bull.

John Eck

In divine right monarchies, rulers serve what roles for God?

Ministers and lieutenants on Earth

T/F. According to Thomas Hobbes, agreements are only meaningful if they are accompanied by the threat of violence.

True

What is the distinction between natural and artificial goods used for commerce?

Natural goods are limited and come from excess supply; artificial goods are created by industry

T/F. Mather's intent on writing about witchcraft was to convince American colonists that it wasn't real.

false

What natural limit does Locke claim exists on how much a person can take through their labor? 

Locke argued a person can only rightfully take what they can use before it spoils

According to John Locke, every man has property in what?

His own person

The foundation of John Locke’s theory Of the State of Nature is that

all men are in a state of perfect freedom to other their actions

According to Thomas Mun, what was the core goal of mercantilism for a country like England? 

To sell more goods to another country than they import/consume.

What was Cotton Mather's definition of witchcraft?

Doing strange things by the help of evil spirits

T/F. Kings should use their divine right to rule with fear and self-restraint.

true

After obtaining their independence, the seven provinces of the Dutch Republic:

established a general assembly known as the States General.

Which of the following countries developed into an autocracy during the early modern period but also underwent a process of modernization and westernization?

Russia

Colbert's mercantilist policies were designed to:

develop economic power to strengthen royal government.

According to the justification given for absolutism, the fundamental basis for order and justice in the world is:

obedience.

In order to strengthen the French navy, Colbert pursued a mercantilist policy that:

established a number of industries associated with naval construction within France itself to make sure France would be self-sufficient in naval stores.

The League of Augsburg originally was intended to:

resist the expansionist policies of Louis XIV.

The relatively peaceful transfer of power to William and Mary and the establishment of a mixed monarchy are often referred to as:

the "Glorious Revolution."

French colonies in North America were intended to be trading centers and:

military outposts.

In his Two Treatises of Government, John Locke argued that:

legitimate government authority is conditional and contractual.

The wars of Louis XIV:

were an enormous drain on the treasury of France.

The power of the Ottomans in Europe declined significantly after:

their failed assault on Vienna in 1683.

The balance of power in eastern Europe was realigned in 1721 with the Peace of:

Nystad.

The foundations of the growth of Prussia were laid by:

Frederick William, the "Great Elector."

Guided by the powerful merchant families, the Dutch Republic was able for some time to:

establish a highly profitable trading empire.

One tenet of mercantilism was the:

reduction of imports and an increase in exports.

During the 1670s, England's powerful elites divided into two factions. One was the Tories, who were:

political supporters of Charles II and the monarchy.

By 1688, England had arrived at a kind of constitutional settlement but it was still grappling with two key questions, one of which was:

should Charles II be restored as king of England.

In Holland, a steward known as the stadtholder assisted the government. This office commonly was held by:

the princes of the House of Orange.

The government of France under Louis XIV would be best described as:

highly centralized, with everyone being appointed by and reporting to the king.

The War of the Spanish Succession was fought when the Spanish king, _________, died without an heir.

Charles II

Absolutist rulers such as Louis XIV sought control over the state because:

the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were times of great disorder in Europe.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, absolutism was a political theory that was strengthened by:

claims of divine right.

The goal of Peter the Great's foreign policy was to:

secure year-round ports for Russia.

The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) altered the balance of power in Europe by:

giving Great Britain trading rights and desirable French territory in the New World.

The Renaissance also gave rise to a vogue for ______, which laid more social and intellectual groundwork for the scientific revolution.

alchemy and astrology

Some of the most groundbreaking work on the nature of optics and white light was done by:

Isaac Newton.

In 1638, Galileo published his book Two New Sciences, which, among other things, helped redefine the science of:

physics.

The intellectual and research approach that starts with specific observations and then produces general conclusions is called:

inductive reasoning.

The humanists of the late Renaissance disseminated ancient texts that encouraged study and debate. This dispersal was facilitated by:

the widespread use of the printing press.

To proceed logically from one certainty to another is to practice:

deductive reasoning.

_________ made the first challenge to the Ptolemaic conception of the universe.

Nicholas Copernicus

According to the Ptolemaic system, all celestial bodies were put in motion by:

the prime mover.

One of the key ingredients of science is:

a body of knowledge.

Johannes Kepler built on the work of his mentor, Tycho Brahe, to:

correct two of Copernicus's assumptions concerning planetary motion.

The scientific revolution established new methods of investigating the world, including:

the testing of hypotheses.

As a result of the scientific revolution:

science became a distinct branch of knowledge unto itself.

Francis Bacon was very concerned that

deferring to ancient and accepted knowledge could block innovation and obscure understanding.

It was Isaac Newton’s invention of the ___________ that earned him election to the Royal Society in 1672.

reflecting telescope

Renaissance humanists helped lay the foundation for the scientific revolution by recovering the works of Greek philosophers such as ___________, who argued that the world operated according to mechanical forces best understood through mathematics.

Archimedes

Tycho Brahe differed from Copernicus in that:

he did not believe the earth orbited the sun.

Johannes Kepler believed that _________ was God's language.

mathematics

Europeans believed, generally, in the geocentric theory of the universe, even though this model had been contradicted by empirical evidence discovered and proposed several hundred years B.C.E. by:

Aristarchus.

One of the early experimenters in chemistry using empirical laws based on evidence was the Englishman:

Select one:

Robert Boyle.

The primary target of Descartes’s philosophical method was:

skepticism over the existence of God.

Renaissance intellectuals often needed tools and machines to enhance their observations. During this period, collaboration between intellectuals and ___________________ flourished.

artisans

The Neoplatonists contributed to the progress of the scientific revolution by:

searching for the ideal structures in nature that would indicate God's plan and design.

René Descartes is most known for his work:

A Discourse on Method.

The scientific revolution itself and its results:

were slow in being popularly understood and accepted.

Promoting the evolution of science and sustaining the scientific revolution were:

societies and institutions dedicated to science.

According to Copernicus, why were people hesitant to publish ideas that challenged accepted wisdom?

Because they feared being despised by people who did not understand their work

According to the Module 3 primary source exercise, what binds all heretics?

their tails

Combined, Descartes's laws aimed to bring what to scientific discovery?

Certainty

From where did Galileo argue we should begin our discussion about physical problems?

Sense-experiences and necessary demonstrations of events and phenomena 

Newton, like Descartes, established his "Rules," to do what?

Systematize the creation of knowledge, or regulate experimentation.

Descartes's order of operations started where? 

With the simplest objectives and moved toward the most complex