CCJ4670 - Exam 2 (Chap. 5,6,7)

Exam 2 flashcards for Women in Crime

What does research tell us about gender differences (four statements)?

1. Women and girls are more likely to be introduced to drugs by husbands and boyfriends

2. Men and Boys are more likely to be introduced to drugs by male friends

3. Girls/women are more likely to both begin and continue to use drugs for self-medication

4. Women’s substance abuse can result of being subordinate relationships with abusive partners

How do women typically gain access through drug selling (from whom)?

Through Husbands and Boyfriends

What was the court ruling in Ferguson v. City of Charlotte?

A state hospital’s performance of a diagnostic test to obtain evidence of a patient’s criminal conduct for law enforcement purposes is an unreasonable search if the patient has not consented to the procedure.

What is the process by which girls prematurely assume adult responsibilities in families is referred to as _______________.

Adultification

Research has shown a strong relationship between risky drinking during pregnancy and _____________.

Marital separation

The most widely considered used illicit substance (worldwide) is _________.

Cannabis

Women methamphetamine (meth drug) users are typically ____.

White

What is the most common reason given for why girls/women use meth?

The most common reason is because close friends are partners who use the drug.

What type of substance abuse was identified as being a predominantly female-crime related?

Non-medical prescription drugs

What type of property crime is typically linked to women/girls (stereotype)?

Shoplifting

How do men and women who commit robberies differ in strategies?

(1) Due to the field of robbery being “male-related”

(2) Women reported the robbery while in the course of and subsequent to other crimes such as prostitution, drug dealing, nonviolent theft, and fraud

(3) Women chose victims who looked weak or equal to them and are less likely to use a weapon if their victim is a woman

Individuals who do sex work do it primarily for _______.

Money

Child abductions in the media are often sensationalized when the child if _____.

White

What is considered to be the strongest predictor of gang membership?

The involvement in delinquent behaviors, while the biggest risk factor for gang involvement is living in a neighborhood where gangs are prevalent.

What is the primary reason girls join a gang?

Sense of belonging

Who is more likely to kill a current or former or current intimate partner?

Men (are more likely)

When women kill, who is more likely to be their victim?

Current or former intimate partners

Infanticide is _____________________________.

the killing of one’s baby who is less than a year but more than 1 day old

What is Neonaticide?

The killing of one’s infant in the first 24 hours of life.

Filicide is the _______________________.

The killing of one’s child who is birth to 18 years old.

What is Eldercide?

The homicide of an elderly person.

Fatal Child Neglect is the ___________________________.

the unintentional killing, where the mother is distracted or inattentive (example: leaving a baby in the car)

Mothers are most likely to kill ________, while fathers on the other hand, typically target _______________.

very young children, older children

Research on burglary consistently finds that it is for what type of crime?

male-gender related

Sterk’s research on crack-using women refers to “Queens on the Scene” as they _____________________________.

had the highest status and the most control over their lives (relative to other crack-cocaine-using women) due to their ability to cook power cocaine to form crack

Sterk’s research on crack-using women refers to “Hookers” as they _____________________________.

use sex work (prostitution) to support their habits

Sterk’s research on crack-using women refers to “Hustlers” as they ______________________________.

“work” as criminals but not sex workers to support their habits (example: stealing cars, boosters, etc.)

Sterk’s research on crack-using women refers to “Older Struggling Rookies” as they __________________________.

had no history of drug-using or other illegal activities until their 30s (or later) and were typically unemployed, concerned with social approval, and introduced to crack cocaine by their children

What did the researcher Daly conclude regarding the charging of women for white-collar crimes?

1. Daly found that many of the women who were charged with a white-collar crime should have not been, as they were usually employed as clerical workers (men were the managers) Women’s cooking skills allowed them to access upper-level dealers who protected them

2. Most (60%) of female embezzlers were bank tellers (only 14% of male embezzlers were tellers)

3. Women’s financial gains were significantly smaller (due to their offenses typically being pettier and their share of co-offending were much smaller)

4. Women are more likely to report “family need” as the motivator for their offense

Review Question (chap. 5): Who is more than likely to kill older children, the father (paternal homicide) or the mother (maternal homicide)?

father (paternal homicide)

What factors need to be considered to determine whether gender bias occurs in crime processing?

1) The race, class, age, sexuality, immigrant status, and so on of the alleged offender;

2) The importance of reforms in the CLS (such as the net-widening policies and laws);

3) The stage in the CLS;

4) The type and seriousness of offense;

5) How gender role stereotypes affect gender bias in crime processing;

6) The contexts of the offenses (missing from most data);

7) The time period of the data collected; and

8) The jurisdiction of data collected

Within the three hypotheses that have been identified to test whether there is gender discrimination during the CLS (criminal legal system), The “Equal treatment hypothesis (also known as null)” states that ______________________________.

there is no gender discrimination in crime processing and if a man and woman were to commit the same crime, they would be charged the same by police

Within the three hypotheses that have been identified to test whether there is gender discrimination during the CLS (criminal legal system), The “Chivalry hypothesis (or paternalism)” states that _____________________________.

there is gender discrimination in the CLS against men and boys; that they are treated more harshly than their counterparts (women are reported to be treated more leniently)

Within the three hypotheses that have been identified to test whether there is gender discrimination during the CLS (criminal legal system), The “Evil Women hypothesis” states that ______________________________.

women and girls are treated more harshly than men and boys by the CLS (not the opposite of the chivalry hypothesis, but rather a result of the other).

When discussing the Chivalry Hypothesis, one must discuss the three corollaries within the hypothesis itself. One of these corollaries includes the Typicality hypothesis, which details that _________________________________.

women are treated with chivalry in criminal justice processing, but only when their charges are consistent with stereotypes of female offenders

When discussing the Chivalry Hypothesis, one must discuss the three corollaries within the hypothesis itself. One of these corollaries includes the Selectivity Hypothesis, which details that _________________________________.

CLS chivalrous treatment is racist and disproportionately given to white women and girls

When discussing the Chivalry Hypothesis, one must discuss the three corollaries within the hypothesis itself. One of these corollaries includes the Differential Hypothesis, which details that _________________________________.

the stage in the CLS system matters, specifically that chivalrous decision-making is more likely in informal decision-making, such as charge reduction decisions

Benevolent Sexism is when _____________________________.

society protects and rewards women and girls for traditionally feminine and gender “appropriate” appearance/behaviors

What is Hostile Sexism?

Sexism that punishes women and girls deemed as assuming masculine roles, agency, and power

What is Penal Coloniality?

Penal coloniality refers to the role of the CLS (including the prison system) to promote “divisions and stigmas that keep poor populations in fear of each other, thus unable to form solidarity that can effectively challenge oppressive systems.

The “missing black man” phenomenon refers to ____________________________.

an analysis of individuals aged 25 to 54 years in the U.S. Census data found that 1.5 million Black men are “missing” from society primarily due to incarceration and early deaths and further found that for every 100 Black women there are only 83 Black me (40 missing black men for every 100 black women),

What is the contrast between gender-neutral laws and gender-specific laws?

Gender-neutral laws are written so that no differentiation is made regarding the applicability to women/girls versus men/boys, while gender-specific laws on the other hand, specify that they only apply to only one gender or should be applied differently based on gender.

The three general forms of gender discrimination include: _____________________________.

1) Implementing and applying gender-specific laws,

2) Applying gender-neutral laws differently to women/girls than men/boys,

3) Applying gender-neutral laws in a manner that values one gender’s victimizations more seriously than another’s

What was the provision of the Muncy ACT?

It required judges to sentence women convicted of an offense punishable by more than one year to an indeterminate sentence in the Muncy State Industrial Home for Women (the women’s prison). Moreover, while women were required to stay inside the prison until rehabilitation, their male counterparts had fixed or determinate sentences to punish them, with preset minimums and maximums

The rationale for the “policing” of girl’s sexuality was to ______________________________.

keep them from becoming pregnant

What type of medical procedures were required for status and larceny-offending girls?

Gynecological exams were required for these types of offenses to determine the virginity of the offender (access their criminality)

Which ACT was successful in decreasing status offender incarceration?

The 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) was successful in decreasing status offender incarceration, which denied states federal funding for delinquency programs if they institutionalized status offenders.

What are legal and extralegal characteristics?

Legal characteristics include gender, race/ethnicity, class, sexuality, and religion, while extralegal characteristics include the specifics of the crime or delinquent act. For example, the seriousness of the crime or delinquent act (legal characteristics should not impact the CLS).

What is the difference between aggravating and mitigating factors?

Aggravating factors are court-applied cultural factors that ‘enhance” the sentencing outcome to make it more severe/punitive, while Mitigating factors are those that reduce the outcome to less severe/punitive.

What is the “White female effect?”

It refers to the notion that death penalty verdicts are more likely when the victims are white women or girls. Due to media bias, Prosecutors are more likely to press for capital punishment when there is a media frenzy, which often prioritizes cases where white women or girls are sexually assaulted

A recent study found that death-worthiness was mostly attributed to a __________.

victim’s race

Research consistently finds that girls are at greater risk of having their parents/guardians turn them in primarily for committing __________.

status offenses

What marked the move from rehabilitation to further criminalization of youth since the 1980s?

Transfer Waivers

Which Presidential Administration labeled African American boys as “superpredators?“

The Clinton Administration

This stereotype is used to justify harsher punishments for African American women/girls.

Virile

Some CLS decision-making research found that being _______ helped women, but not men defendants.

married

Review Question (chap. 6): What is one of the three general forms of gender discrimination within criminal laws?

Applying gender-neutral laws in a manner that values one gender’s victimization more seriously than another’s.

Structural sexism refers to ________________________.

the systematic gender inequality in power and resources that operates at the macro (state), meso (marital dyad), and micro (individual) levels

What are the three reasons for the invisibility of and disproportionate access to programming and resources for incarcerated women/girls relative to incarcerated men/boys?

(1) Women represent a small portion of the total prison population (typically 4-7%)

(2) Women are generally incarcerated for less serious offenses than their male counterparts

(3) Incarcerated women are less likely than their male counterparts to riot, destroy property, and make reform demands

What were Magdalene Houses? (1990’s)

Magdalene Houses, named after a prostitute in the Christian bible, were houses for women and girls who participated in sex outside of marriage. These houses, however, would turn “prison-like” and had become very exploitative for the women/girls attending (women/girls attending would include: single mothers, prostitutes, and poverty-stricken or Orphaned girls.)

Who were the Maggies?

The 10,000 women and girls who were sent to the Magdalene houses. These women consisted of mothers, orphans or regarded as somehow morally wayward.

Historical accounts tell us what, about the imprisonment of women and men together?

Women prisoners worked gender-stereotyped roles (to help keep the prison running) and faced a considerable risk of sexual assault (rape).

Who were often blamed for “sexual disturbances” when men and women were housed together (in prison)?

Incarcerated women

Who conducted the first wave of women’s prison reform, and what were their views?

Wealthy white women conducted the first wave of women’s prison reform, as they believed that while women offenders were not deviant per se (victims of the patriarchal CLS), but that they should “purify” these “fallen women (who were deemed a threat to society).”

Elizabeth Fry was ________________________.

the first penal reformer to focus exclusively on incarcerated women and established the Ladies Society for Promoting the Reformation of female prisoners in England. Her reform approach included requiring unique needs for these women, such as (1) helpful labor, which included needlework and personal hygiene, and (2) religious instruction, requiring the hiring of “decidedly religious” women guards.

What were three of Fry’s (Elizabeth) significant requests that were passed by parliament in 1818?

1. Segregating prisons by sex

2. Hiring women to oversee women prisoners

3. Decreasing the hard labor required of women prisoners

The goal of the women reformers during the first wave of reform was to _______________________.

help, rather than punish offending women

What are offending women labeled as?

Fallen women

What U.S History event took place in the 1800s, which resulted in a new class of poor women who filled the jails (as prostitutes, Vagrants, and thieves)?

The civil war

What happened to many African American women after the civil war?

African American women prisoners “were to put to work on the large, decaying plantation cotton fields or assigned to millwork sewing in the large central building.