psc101 final review

scanning, analysis, response, assessment

SARA

problem solving policing

chronic offenders (WOW: worst of the worst), chronic locations (hot spots, “corridors of crime”)

evidence based policing

scientific research could provide great information, apply “best practices” from studies and models, monitor and evaluate projects, share information with other agencies, scientific not criminal evidence

broken windows theory

stop smaller crimes to avoid bigger crimes

predictive policing

application of analytical techniques; four broad categories: predicting crimes, predicting offenders, identifying offenders, predicting victims of crimes

biased based policing

critical issue: equal protection, equal opportunity; racial profiling, validity of police stops questioned (not meeting burden of proof)

four main responsibilities of police

keeping the peace/maintaining order, apprehending violators of the law and combating crime, preventing crime, providing social services

Peel’s principles of policing

the goal is preventing crime, the key to preventing crime is earning public support, the police earn public support by respecting community principles

omnipresence

police responsibilities, deterrence of crime, patrol cars

ethics

the study of what constitutes good or bad conduct, basic and applied

grass eaters

more passive, accept what is offered

meat eaters

more aggressive, seek out

sheepdogs

officers stand between the vulnerable and potential threats

guardians

prioritizes community engagement, deescalation, and protection of citizens’ civil rights

noble cause police corruption

officer bends the rules to attain the “right” result, actions not done for personal gain, ends-oriented view of policing; also called Dirty Harry syndrome: do good ends ever justify bad means, moral dilemma of police officers, violating proper police procedure, policing as a moral occupation

police community relations

a few officers in a department are assigned to community-oriented units, attend meetings and address local issues, reduce tensions (familiar faces on patrol)

case enhancements

to assist in building a case for patrol arrests; what detectives do: solving or clearing reported crimes, processes crime scenes, conducts canvasses and interviews, documenting investigative work performed, interviews, interrogations, arresting perpetrators, build a solid case for the prosecution, testify in court (grand jury, hearings, trial, civil cases/deposition)

responsibilities of a cold case squad

re-examine old cases, fresh set of eyes, murder cases are never closed until arrest is made, innovative technology and DNA analysis

decoy operations

blending (role and dress, observe and intervene), play role of potential victims (catch criminal in the act)

undercover operations

police undercover investigations (dangerous and rewarding, difficult challenges), drug undercover operations (buy-bust operations: undercover officer, ghost officer, backup team, supervisor)

sting operations

officers pose as criminals, audio and video recorders, four elements: enticement, targeted offender, deception, arrests

integrity tests

“tickets to tonight’s playoff game in a knapsack found by a citizen"

Kansas City police study

tested the effectiveness of random routine patrol, failed to demonstrate that the addition or removal of patrols made any difference, indicated the traditional three cornerstones of policing might not be the most effective way of policing

Tennessee v Garner

fleeing felon doctrine, alternatives: reasonableness of force, defense of life standard, imminent danger standard

Graham v Connor

the landmark SCOTUS case that established the “objective reasonableness” standard for evaluating excessive force claims by law enforcement during arrests or investigatory stops; the court reasoned that claims of excessive force by police must be grounded in a specific constitutional provision (such cases cannot be reviewed under a generic substantive due process standard)

National Consensus Use of Force Policy

officers shall use force only when no reasonably effective alternatives appears to exist and shall use only the level of force which a reasonably prudent officer would use under the same or similar circumstances

continuum of force

growing popularity of less-than-lethal weapons (LTLW): chemical sprays and batons, electrical devices, various holds, restraints, kinetic energy rounds

personnel

most expensive part of a police department’s budget