Grade 9 Biology Final Review: Cell Structure, Genetics, and Ecosystems

What are the two types of cells?

Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells.

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A cell without a nucleus, smaller and simpler, such as bacteria.

What are three differences between plant and animal cells?

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large vacuole; animal cells do not.

What is the function of the nucleus?

Controls cell activities and contains DNA.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Controls what enters and leaves the cell.

What is the function of mitochondria?

Produces energy (ATP).

What is diffusion?

Movement from high to low concentration.

What is osmosis?

Movement of water across a membrane.

What is the cell theory?

All living things are made of cells; the cell is the basic unit of life; all cells come from pre-existing cells.

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A cell with a nucleus, larger and more complex, such as plants, animals, and fungi.

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining stable internal conditions.

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis.

What happens during interphase?

Cell grows, DNA replicates, prepares for division.

What is mitosis?

Division of the nucleus.

What are the phases of mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

What happens during prophase?

Chromosomes condense; nuclear membrane breaks down.

What happens during metaphase?

Chromosomes line up in the middle.

What happens during anaphase?

Sister chromatids separate.

What happens during telophase?

Two nuclei form.

What is the purpose of mitosis?

Growth, repair, replacement of cells, asexual reproduction.

What is asexual reproduction?

Reproduction involving one parent, producing genetically identical offspring.

What is sexual reproduction?

Reproduction involving two parents, using gametes, producing genetically different offspring.

What is meiosis?

Produces sex cells and creates 4 unique haploid cells, reducing chromosome number by half.

What is DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid, containing genetic instructions.

What is the shape of DNA?

Double helix.

What are the DNA bases?

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G).

What is the base pair rule?

A pairs with T and C pairs with G.

What is a gene?

A section of DNA controlling a trait.

What is a chromosome?

Tightly coiled DNA.

What is a trait?

A characteristic inherited from parents.

What is DNA replication?

DNA copies itself before cell division.

What is transcription?

The process of converting DNA to mRNA.

What is translation?

The process of converting mRNA to protein at the ribosome.

What is an allele?

Different form of a gene.

What is a dominant trait?

A trait that masks another.

What is a recessive trait?

A trait hidden by a dominant trait.

What is genotype?

Genetic makeup (e.g., TT, Tt, tt).

What is phenotype?

Physical appearance.

What is homozygous?

Having two same alleles.

What is heterozygous?

Having two different alleles.

What is a Punnett square?

A tool used to predict probability of inherited traits.

What is the role of producers in an ecosystem?

Makes own food (plants).

What is the role of consumers in an ecosystem?

Eats other organisms.

What is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem?

Breaks down dead matter.

What is an energy pyramid?

A representation showing energy decreases at higher trophic levels.

What is mutualism?

A symbiotic relationship where both benefit.

What is commensalism?

A symbiotic relationship where one benefits and one is unaffected.

What is parasitism?

A symbiotic relationship where one benefits and one is harmed.

What are biotic factors?

Living factors in an ecosystem.

What are abiotic factors?

Nonliving factors in an ecosystem.

What are the levels of organization in an ecosystem?

Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Biosphere.

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