biology ch. 5-7 exam review

wow im so sorry. this is way longer than i had anticipated ong

muscular system

 provides movement for the body

axial skeleton

“backbone” of the skeletal system

hyoid

u-shaped bone hidden in the upper neck, just above your larynx

fontanels

tough membranes made of fibrous connective tissue; the soft spots on the top and back of an infant’s head

cranium

part of the skull that provides a protective helmet for the brain

ligament

 tissues that join bones to other bones

sinuses

hollow spaces of certain bones in the skull

cartilage

 a tough, rubbery connective tissue that cushions the joints between bones

coccyx

tailbone; consists of four separate vertebrae

sternum

also called the breast-bone

floating ribs

bottom two pairs of false ribs

appendicular skeleton

includes the pectoral girdle , the pelvic girdle (the hips), and the appendages

femur

the longest bone in the body

tendon

strong “cable” of tough fibers that attaches a muscle to a bone

carpals

the eight bones that form an intricate assembly that allows the wrist to bend in various directions

humerus

largest bone of the arm

radius

attached to the ulna and humerus by a weaker but more movable joint that allows it to rotate around the ulna

phalanges

 form the fingers and toes

patella

kneecap; found on the front of the knee; serves as a brace for the tendon that straightens the leg

long bones

humerus, ulna, femur, and phalanges; longer than they are wide; most of them support the weight of your body and work with your muscles to provide movement

flat bones

ribs and cranial bones; often have the job of protecting vital organs

epiphysis

each bulged end of the bone

diaphysis

the bone’s shaft; the long part of the bone

red marrow

special tissue that manufactures red blood cells and white blood cells for the body’s circulatory and immune systems

osteoclasts

“bone breakers”; special cells that constantly move through your bones, removing old materials to make room for new; as they move through the bone, they carve tiny tunnels lengthwise through the bone

osteoblasts

'“bone growers”; move into the haversian canals behind the osteoclasts, constructing new collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals as they go; blood vessels also enter the canals, supplying the them with nutrients

rickets

a disease in which the bones are weak and deformed

ossification

cartilage forms were complete, osteoblasts began to move through them, replacing the soft, rubbery cartilage with collagen-reinforced hydroxyapatite

fracture

break or crack in a bone

joint

places where bones join, or articulate

synovial fluid

clear, water-based lubricant inside a freely movable joint

hinge joint

allows a bone to move back and forth in a single plane, like a door swinging on its hinges

ball-and-socket joint

the rounded head of a bone fits into a hollow socket in another bone; allow a bone to move in two planes, but it also allows the bone to rotate in place

pivot joint

a bone rotates in place against another bone

ellipsoid joint

allow you to move your fingers up, down, left, and right

gliding joint

one bone merely slides across the surface of another

saddle joint

a saddle-shaped portion of one bone nestles into a saddle-shaped portion of another bone

arthritis

inflammation of the joints

dislocation

 joint is overstressed to the extent that a bone pops out of alignment and must be relocated

taxonomy

process of arranging organisms into groups based on similarities

kingdom

all living things that are divided into main groups

• kingdom

• phylum

• class

• order

• family

• genus

• species

list the levels of classification in order.

kind

group of similar organisms that are all descended from a single group of originally created organisms

binomial nomenclature

the system for assigning specific names

domain

any of the three larger groups into which kingdoms are placed

gymnosperms

plants that produce seeds but do not produce flowers

angiosperms

plants that reproduce by seeds formed in flowers

bristlecone pine

one of the oldest living things on earth

wollemi pines

found in australia and found in the same strata as the dinosaurs; have unusual knobby­-textured bark and waxy, fern-­like leaves; thought to be extinct

alternation of generations

the life cycle of a fern; involves both asexual (no union of sex cells) and sexual (union of sex cells)

spores

tiny, one­-celled reproductive structures

bryophytes

means “moss­like plants”

rhizoids

tiny hair­ like threads; grow into the soil to absorb water and minerals

peat

fuel used in peat moss

plankton

microorganisms that float near the surface of the water and provide food for larger organisms

diatoms

most numerous and most interesting of the yellow algae; possibly the most abundant life form on earth except for bacteria; used in dynamite

kelp

the largest of the brown algae

dinoflagellates

red tide; microscopic, one ­celled, aquatic organisms found in both freshwater and saltwater

red algae

grow in freshwater; food coloring

cyanobacteria

bluish appearance; another name for blue-green algae

fungi

nonvascular plant­-like organisms that lack chlorophyll and depend upon other organisms for food

mycologists

scientists who study fungi

club fungi

mushrooms and toadstools; microscopic club­-shaped structures called basidia

hyphae

thread­like structures, or filaments, that form the body of a fungus

rusts

named for the rusty-­colored spores that they leave on their hosts

parasite

an organism that lives on or in an­other living organism and derives its nutrition from that organism

smuts

produce masses of black spores on their hosts

mold

there are two types of this: bread ______ and cheese _______

cranial cavity

contains the brain

spinal cavity

contains the spinal cord

thoracic cavity

contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, windpipe, thymus, and aorta

abdominopelvic cavity

contains the liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, urinary bladder, small intestine, large intestine, and the gonads (reproductive organs)

system

a group of structures that function together as a unit to perform a definite job for the body

cardiovascular system

contain the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries

immune system

the body’s defense against bacteria and other foreign invaders

respiratory system

supply body tissues with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide

digestive system

makes a path through the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

excretory system

provides a number of openings through which a variety of waste materials are excreted from the body

nervous system

coordinates the activities of the body

endocrine system

 where hormones are produced

integumentary system

protects the body from its surroundings, providing protection from bacteria and other microbes

skeletal system

made up of approximately 206 bones and numerous ligaments

cranium

part of the skull that provides a protective helmet for the brain

reproductive system

responsible for the continuation of the human race

homeostasis

 a stable internal environment in the body