wow im so sorry. this is way longer than i had anticipated ong
muscular system
provides movement for the body
axial skeleton
“backbone” of the skeletal system
hyoid
u-shaped bone hidden in the upper neck, just above your larynx
fontanels
tough membranes made of fibrous connective tissue; the soft spots on the top and back of an infant’s head
cranium
part of the skull that provides a protective helmet for the brain
ligament
tissues that join bones to other bones
sinuses
hollow spaces of certain bones in the skull
cartilage
a tough, rubbery connective tissue that cushions the joints between bones
coccyx
tailbone; consists of four separate vertebrae
sternum
also called the breast-bone
floating ribs
bottom two pairs of false ribs
appendicular skeleton
includes the pectoral girdle , the pelvic girdle (the hips), and the appendages
femur
the longest bone in the body
tendon
strong “cable” of tough fibers that attaches a muscle to a bone
carpals
the eight bones that form an intricate assembly that allows the wrist to bend in various directions
humerus
largest bone of the arm
radius
attached to the ulna and humerus by a weaker but more movable joint that allows it to rotate around the ulna
phalanges
form the fingers and toes
patella
kneecap; found on the front of the knee; serves as a brace for the tendon that straightens the leg
long bones
humerus, ulna, femur, and phalanges; longer than they are wide; most of them support the weight of your body and work with your muscles to provide movement
flat bones
ribs and cranial bones; often have the job of protecting vital organs
epiphysis
each bulged end of the bone
diaphysis
the bone’s shaft; the long part of the bone
red marrow
special tissue that manufactures red blood cells and white blood cells for the body’s circulatory and immune systems
osteoclasts
“bone breakers”; special cells that constantly move through your bones, removing old materials to make room for new; as they move through the bone, they carve tiny tunnels lengthwise through the bone
osteoblasts
'“bone growers”; move into the haversian canals behind the osteoclasts, constructing new collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals as they go; blood vessels also enter the canals, supplying the them with nutrients
rickets
a disease in which the bones are weak and deformed
ossification
cartilage forms were complete, osteoblasts began to move through them, replacing the soft, rubbery cartilage with collagen-reinforced hydroxyapatite
fracture
break or crack in a bone
joint
places where bones join, or articulate
synovial fluid
clear, water-based lubricant inside a freely movable joint
hinge joint
allows a bone to move back and forth in a single plane, like a door swinging on its hinges
ball-and-socket joint
the rounded head of a bone fits into a hollow socket in another bone; allow a bone to move in two planes, but it also allows the bone to rotate in place
pivot joint
a bone rotates in place against another bone
ellipsoid joint
allow you to move your fingers up, down, left, and right
gliding joint
one bone merely slides across the surface of another
saddle joint
a saddle-shaped portion of one bone nestles into a saddle-shaped portion of another bone
arthritis
inflammation of the joints
dislocation
joint is overstressed to the extent that a bone pops out of alignment and must be relocated
taxonomy
process of arranging organisms into groups based on similarities
kingdom
all living things that are divided into main groups
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
list the levels of classification in order.
kind
group of similar organisms that are all descended from a single group of originally created organisms
binomial nomenclature
the system for assigning specific names
domain
any of the three larger groups into which kingdoms are placed
gymnosperms
plants that produce seeds but do not produce flowers
angiosperms
plants that reproduce by seeds formed in flowers
bristlecone pine
one of the oldest living things on earth
wollemi pines
found in australia and found in the same strata as the dinosaurs; have unusual knobby-textured bark and waxy, fern-like leaves; thought to be extinct
alternation of generations
the life cycle of a fern; involves both asexual (no union of sex cells) and sexual (union of sex cells)
spores
tiny, one-celled reproductive structures
bryophytes
means “mosslike plants”
rhizoids
tiny hair like threads; grow into the soil to absorb water and minerals
peat
fuel used in peat moss
plankton
microorganisms that float near the surface of the water and provide food for larger organisms
diatoms
most numerous and most interesting of the yellow algae; possibly the most abundant life form on earth except for bacteria; used in dynamite
kelp
the largest of the brown algae
dinoflagellates
red tide; microscopic, one celled, aquatic organisms found in both freshwater and saltwater
red algae
grow in freshwater; food coloring
cyanobacteria
bluish appearance; another name for blue-green algae
fungi
nonvascular plant-like organisms that lack chlorophyll and depend upon other organisms for food
mycologists
scientists who study fungi
club fungi
mushrooms and toadstools; microscopic club-shaped structures called basidia
hyphae
threadlike structures, or filaments, that form the body of a fungus
rusts
named for the rusty-colored spores that they leave on their hosts
parasite
an organism that lives on or in another living organism and derives its nutrition from that organism
smuts
produce masses of black spores on their hosts
mold
there are two types of this: bread ______ and cheese _______
cranial cavity
contains the brain
spinal cavity
contains the spinal cord
thoracic cavity
contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, windpipe, thymus, and aorta
abdominopelvic cavity
contains the liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, urinary bladder, small intestine, large intestine, and the gonads (reproductive organs)
system
a group of structures that function together as a unit to perform a definite job for the body
cardiovascular system
contain the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
immune system
the body’s defense against bacteria and other foreign invaders
respiratory system
supply body tissues with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide
digestive system
makes a path through the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
excretory system
provides a number of openings through which a variety of waste materials are excreted from the body
nervous system
coordinates the activities of the body
endocrine system
where hormones are produced
integumentary system
protects the body from its surroundings, providing protection from bacteria and other microbes
skeletal system
made up of approximately 206 bones and numerous ligaments
cranium
part of the skull that provides a protective helmet for the brain
reproductive system
responsible for the continuation of the human race
homeostasis
a stable internal environment in the body