TAPP Exam UTK

somatic and autonomic

two kinds of peripheral nerves

somatic nerve

voluntary functions

somatic nerve

one continuous nerve from the CNS to target

somatic nerve

move skeletal muscle & transmit sensation from body walls (e.g., skin, mucous membranes)

autonomic nerves

involuntary functions

autonomic nerve

two nerves, linked by a synapse, occur between CNS & target

autonomic nerve

activate organs, transmit sensation from organs, glands, and internal structures

afferent

sensory

efferent

motor

synapses

electrochemical communication between nerve cells and with tissues

sympathetic & parasympathetic

two types of autonomic nerves

sympathetic nerve

fight or flight

parasympathetic nerve

rest & digest

sympathetic synapse

synapse before reaching their target, in sympathetic trunk, in pre-vertebral ganglia

parasympathetic synapse

synapse in or near the walls of their targets

vagus nerve

maintains rhythm of heart & ability to pump heart

parasympathetic nerves

originate from cranial nerves or from the sacrum

T1-L2

sympathetic trunk runs

ganglion

where synapse occurs in autonomic nerve

parasympathetic

is vagus nerve parasympathetic or sympathetic

thorax region

ribs 1-12

protect heart & lungs

rib cage function

right pleural cavity, left pleural cavity, mediastinum

divisions of thorax

bronchi tubes & lungs

pleural cavity contains

heart & aortas

mediastinum contains

heart, esophagus, trachea, aorta

mediastinum components

xiphoid process

can break off

costal cartilage

connects rib to sternum

true ribs

attach directly

false ribs

do not attach directly

floating ribs

does not attach to sternum or another rib

2

how many floating ribs

inferior to 4th rib

nipple placement younger female

inferior to 6th rib

nipple placement developed female

pectoral muscles

breast lays over what

suspensory ligaments

connective tissue that maintains shape of tissue region in breast

breast region

large amount of blood going to what region

retromammary space

layer of loose connective tissue that separates the breast from the deep fascia overlying pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles

lactiferous ducts

carries breast milk from breast lobules to nipple

pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior

anterior thorax superficial muscles

external intercostal muscles, internal intercostal muscles, innermost intercostal muscles

intercostal muscles

external intercostal muscles

run from sternum to vertebrae

intercostal muscles

wrap completely around thoracic wall

internal intercostal muscles

start at sternum but do not go to vertebrae

innermost intercostal muscles

deep to internal & external intercostal muscles

when inhaling or exhaling, either maintain the position of ribs to each other or let ribs return to natural position when relaxing

intercostal muscles function

endothoracic fascia

loose connective tissue that lines entire thoracic cavity

external intercostal aponeurosis

covers where external intercostal muscles stop

intercostal veins, arteries, and nerves

intercostal v.a.n.

diaphragm

muscle mainly responsible for respiration

diaphragm

most inferior border of thoracic cavity

hiccups

spasm of diaphragm

liver

shape of what organ causes asymmetry to diaphragm

right dome of diaphragm

more superior than left dome of diaphragm

diaphragm contracts & flattens out, increases space in chest cavity, lungs expand into chest cavity, pressure is lower

inspiration

diaphragm relaxes and returns to starting point, reducing space in chest cavity, lungs deflate, pressure is higher

expiration

phrenic nerve

innervation of diaphragm

C3, C4, C5

what specific nerves innervate diaphragm

somatic

is phrenic nerve somatic or autonomic

pleural cavity of lungs

space between visceral and parietal pleura

costodiaphragmatic recess

allow lungs to expand into openings

parietal pleura

does not directly touch lung

visceral pleura

directly touches lung

serous fluid in pleural cavity

keeps 2 layers of pleura as close as possible

hilum of lung

contains pulmonary vessels & right and left main bronchus

right lung

horizontal fissure is only on

upper, middle , lower

lobes of right lung

upper and lower

lobes of left lung

upper & middle lobe of right lung

horizontal fissure separates what

left lung - upper & lower lobe

right lung - middle & lower lobe

oblique fissure separates what

force air into trachea, goes into right/left main bronchus, travel to lobar bronchi, go to different lobes

air travel to trachea

bronchopulmonary units

can operate without all units working properly

lobar bronchi

goes into individual functional units

main bronchus to lobar bronchus to tertiary/segmental bronchus to bronchioles to respiratory bronchioles

air flow of bronchopulmonary units

alveolus

site of gas exchange

branches of pulmonary vein

take direct root to hilum of lung

respiratory bronchiole

where aveoli are located

branch of pulmonary artery

follow branching of airways (bronchi & bronchioles)

allows for movement as expansion/flexion, attracts visceral pleura to parietal pleura, lowers friction between parietal layers

serous fluid in respiration

pulls against central tendon, lowers diaphragm, expands pleural cavity & creates negative pressure

diaphragm contraction in respiration

life and expand

ribs in respiration

passively fill expanded space

lungs in respiration

increases vertically

surface area in inspiration

decrease vertically

surface area in expiration

helps to increase volume in three dimensions

rib cage in respiration

exercise & controlled breathing activities

forced respiration happens

scalenes, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, rectus abdominis

forced respiration uses what muscles

pleural cavity in expiration in pneumothorax

air in cavity pushes & deflates lung

collapsed lung in pneumothorax

lung cannot respond to change of pressure

superior mediastinum & inferior mediastinum

mediastinum divisions

anterior mediastinum, middle mediastinum, posterior mediastinum

inferior mediastinum divisions

organs: thymus, trachea, esophagus,

arteries: aortic arch, brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery,

veins: superior vena cava, brachiocephalic veins, arch of azygos, thoracic duct,

nerves: left and right vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, cardiac nerve, left and right phrenic nerves

superior mediastinum contents

organs: thymus

arteries: internal thoracic branches

veins: internal thoracic branches

anterior mediastinum contents

organs: heart & great vessel roots, trachea, main bronchi

arteries: ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, pericardiacophrenic arteries

veins: superior vena cava, pulmonary veins, pericardiacophrenic veins

nerves: phrenic, vagus, sympathetics

middle mediastinum contents

organs: esophagus

arteries: descending thoracic aorta

veins: azygos hemiazygos veins, thoracic duct

nerves: vagus, splanchnic, sympathetic chain

posterior mediastinum contents

pericardium

double - layered connective tissue fibrous membrane that protects and holds heart

right ventricle of heart

majority of heart we see in situ

ligamentum arteriosum

hold parts of great vessels in place & connects arch of aorta and pulmonary trunk

fetal circulation

bypass taking blood to and from lungs

ductus arteriosus

shunts blood from pulmonary arteries to the arch of aorta