anatomy

pre-exam

erector spinae group

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

erector spinae group action

unilaterally: laterally flex vertebral column to same side

bilaterally: extend the vertebral column

quadratus lumborom

contractile link between lower back and pelvis

quadratus lumborom action

unliaterally: laterally tilt (elevate) pelvis, laterally flex the vertebral column to same side, asssit to extend the vertebral column

bilaterally: fix the last rib during forced inhalation and exhalation

sternocleiodmatoid

large superficial muscle that is visible when turning head to side (sternal and clavicular heads)

sternocleiodmatoid action

unilaterally: laterally flex the head and neck to same side, rotate the head and neck to opposite side

bilaterally: flex the neck, assit to elevate the ribcage during inhalation

scalenes

anterior, middle, posterior on lateral side of cervical spine

scalenes action

unilaterally: with ribs fixed laterally flex head and neck to same side, rotate head and neck to opposite side

bilaterally: elevate ribs during inhalation

anterior scalene action

bilaterally flex the head and neck

abdominals

rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis

rectus abdominis

central muscle of abdominal wall

rectus abdominis action

felx the vertebral column, tilt pelvis posteriorly

external oblique action

unilaterally: laterally flex vertebral column to same side, rotate vertebral column to opposite side

bilaterally: flex vertebral column, compress abdominal contents

internal oblique action

unilaterally: laterally flex vertebral column to same side, rotate vertebral column to same side

bilaterally: flex vertebral column, compress abdominal contents

transverse abdominis action

compress abdominal contents

external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis

increase intra-abdominal pressire to stablize lumbar spine

diagphram action

draw fown the central tenson of the diagphram, increase the volume of thoracic cavity during inhalation

intercostals

external and internal

external intercostal action

draw ribs superiorly (increasing space of throacic cavity) to assit with inhalation

internal intercostal action

draw ribs inferiorly (decrease the space of thoracic cavity) to assist exhalation

medial (vertebral) border

longest border of scapula and is anchor for muscles that rotate, adduct, and abduct scapula

lateral (axillary) border

thick inferolateral border

superior border

superior edge of scapula that is an attachment site for muscles that elevate and upwardly roate scapula

suprascapular notch

lateral end of superior border that is deep semicircular notch

infragleniod tubericle and supragleniod tubericle

bottom and top of gleniod fossa and is attachment sites for major flexor and extensor muscles of elbow (long and short head)

corocoid process

anterior attachment site for bony connection of clavicle and acromion (AC joint)

trapezius upper fibers action

bilaterally: extend head and neck

unilaterally: laterally flex the head and neck to same side, rotate head and neck to opposite side, elevate the scapula (ST joint), upwardly rotate the scapula (ST joint)

trapezius middle fibers action

adduct the scapula (ST joint), stabilize the scapula (ST joint)

trapezius lower fibers action

depress the scapula (ST joint), upwardly rotate the scapula (ST joint)

trapezius origin

external occipital protuberance, medial portion of superior nuchal line of the occiput, ligamentum niche and spinous processes of C-7 through T-12

trapezius insertion

lateral one-third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula

trapezius nerve innervation

spinal portion of cranial nerve XI (accessory) and ventral ramus C2 to C4

trapezius purposeful activity

reaching for object overhead (upper/lower trapezius) or rowing canoe (middle trapezius)

levator scapulae action

unilaterally: elevate scapula (ST joint), downwardly rotate scapula (ST joint), laterally flex the head and neck, rotate the head and neck to same side

bilaterally: extend the head and neck

levator scapulae origin

transverse processes of first through fourth cervical vertebrae

levator scapulae insertion

medial border of scapula between superior angle and superior portion of spine of scapula

levator scapulae nerve innervation

cervical C3 and C4, and dorsal scapular C4 and C5

levator scapulae purposeful activity

shrugging shoulders or carrying briefcase

rhomboid major and minor action

adduct the scapula (ST joint), elevate the scapula (ST joint), downwardly rotate the scapula (ST joint)

rhomboid major origin

spinous processes of T-2 to T-5

rhomboid minor origin

spinous processes of C-7 and T-1

rhomboid major insertion

medial border of the scapula between the spine of the scapula and inferior angle

rhomboid minor insertion

upper portion of medial border of the scapula across from spine of scapula

rhomboid major and minor nerve innervation

dorsal scapular C4 and C5

serratus anterior

muscle that anchors the medial border of the scapula to the rib cage

serratus anterior action with origin fixed

abduct the scapula (ST joint), upwardly rotate the scapula (ST joint), depress the scapula (ST joint), hold the medial border of the scapula against the rib cage

serratus anterior action with the scapula fixed

may act to elevate the thorax during forced inhalation

serratus anterior origin

external surfaces of upper eight or nine ribs

serratus anterior insertion

anterior surface of medial border of the scapula

serratus anterior nerve innervation

long thoracic C5 to C8

pectoralis minor

muscle that stablizes the scapula against the rib cage

pectoralis minor action

depress the scapula (ST joint), abduct scapula (ST joint), downwardly rotate the scapula (ST joint)

serratus anterior purposeful activity

pushing open heavy door

pectoralis minor action with scapula fixed

assist to elevate the thorax during forced inhalation

pectoralis minor origin

third, fourth,fifth ribs

pectoralis minor insertion

medial surface of coracoid process of the scapula

pectoralis minor nerve innervation

medial pectoral with fibers from a communicating branch of the lateral pectoral C6 to C8, T1

rotator cuff group

infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, supraspinatus create cuff around shoulder joint

infraspinatus action

externally (laterally) rotate shoulder (GHJ), addcut the shoulder (GHJ), stablize the head of humerus in glenoid cavity

pectoralis minor purposeful activity

taking deep breath and walking with crutches

infraspinatus origin

infraspinous fossa of the scapula

infraspinatus insertion

greater tubercle of humerus

infraspinatus nerve innervation

suprascapular C4 to C6

infraspinatus purposeful activity

playing racket sports or table tennis

teres minor action

externally (laterally) rotate shoulder (GHJ), addcut the shoulder (GHJ), stablize the head of humerus in glenoid cavity

teres minor origin

upper two-thirds of lateral border of the scapula

teres minor insertion

greater tubercle of humerus

teres minor nerve innervation

axillary C5 to C6

teres minor purposeful activity

washing back of head and neck

subscapularis action

internally (medially) rotate the should (GHJ), stablize the head of humerus in glenoid cavity

subscapularis origin

subscapular fossa of the scapula

subscapularis insertion

lesser tubercle of the humerus

subscapularis nerve innervation

upper and lower subscapular C5 to C7

subscapularis purposeful activity

toileting, throwing baseball

suprapinatus

most commonly injured rotator cuff

suprapinatus purposeful activity

washing hair or painting overhead

suprapinatus action

abduct shoulder (GHJ), stablize the head of humerus in glenoid activtiy

suprapinatus origin

supraspinous fossa of the scapula

suprapinatus insertion

greater tubercle of the humerus

suprapinatus nerve innervation

suprascapular C4 to C6

deltoid

caps the proximal humerus from above (superiorly)

deltoid purposeful activity

doing yoga poses with arms overhead (all fibers) , reaching for (anterior fibers) and putting on (posterior fibers) seat belt

deltoid all fibers action

abduct shoulder (GHJ)

deltoid anterior fibers action

flex shoulder (GHJ), internally (medially) rotate the shoulder (GHJ), horizontally adduct the should (GHJ)

deltoid posterior fibers action

extend the shoulder (GHJ), externally (laterally) rotate the shoulder (GHJ), horizontally abduct the shoulder (GHJ)

deltoid origin

lateral one-third of clavicle,acromion,and spine of scapula

deltoid insertion

deltoid tuberosity

deltoid nerve innervation

axillary C5 and C6

pectoralis major

clavicular and sternocostal segments that converge to attach to humerus

pectoralis major purposeful activity

reaching across body into overhead cabinet

pectoralis major all fibers action

adduct the shoulder (GHJ), internally (medially) rotate the shoulder (GHJ), assit to elevate the thorax during forced inhalation (with the arm fixed)

pectoralis major action with clavicular fibers

flex the shoulder (GHJ), horizontally adduct the shoulder (GHJ)

pectoralis major action with sternocostal fibers

extend the shoulder (GHJ joint)

pectoralis major origin

medial half of clavicle, sternum, and cartilage of first through sixth ribs

pectoralis major insertion

crest of greater tubercle of humerus

pectoralis major nerve innervation with clavicular fibers

lateral pectoral C5 to C7

pectoralis major nerve innervation with sternocostal fibers

lateral and medial pectoral C6 to C8, T1

Latissimus Dorsi

broad muscle that spans pelvis,trunk,and humerus

Latissimus Dorsi purposeful activity

wheelchair mobility, pushing to stand up from chair

Latissimus Dorsi action

extend the should (GHJ), adduct the shoulder (GHJ), internally(medially) rotate the shoulder (GHJ)