Organic Chemistry (BIO 2O)

What are the biologically important elements?

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

what does organic mean in chemistry?

organic means that carbon and hydrogen are in a molecule

how many bonding sites does carbon have?

4 bonding sites

true or false: polar molecules dissolve well in water.

true

what are the bases for amino acids?

carboxyl and amino

glucose + glucose = ?

maltose

glucose + fructose = ?

sucrose

glucose + galactose = ?

lactose

what are monosaccharides

simple sugars, the building blocks of all carbs

what are the 5 common simple sugars

glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose, and galactose

what are disaccharides

two simple sugars joined by a covalent bond

how do animals store carbs?

via glycogen

how do plants store carbs?

via starch

what is a monounsaturated fats?

fatty acids that only have on double bond

what is a polyunsaturated fat?

fatty acids that have more than one double bond

how are lipids bonded?

by ester bonds

what are the vitamins that lipids transport?

vitamin A,D,E and K

true or false; saturated fats are better for you than unsaturated fats

false

what is the chemical formaiton of phospholipids?

2 fatty acid chains attach to the carbons on glycerol, and a phosphate attaches onto the 3 carbon

how are triglycerides formed?

3 fatty acids (carboxyl) are bonded onto glycerol

how many side chain variations in proteins are there?

20

what are essential amino acids?

amino acids we cannot make in our body, so we have to obtain it from our diet

what are proteins made of?

amino acids

what 2 groups are common to all amino acids?

amino group and acid group

what is denaturation?

a protein loses its 3D shape via heat, pH change and alcohol

what does ldl do?

cause the blockage of arteries

what does hdl do?

move chlosterol away from the arteries

where is cholestrol manufactured?

in the liver

what are examples of proteins?

enzymes, muscles, and hormones

what is the hierachy of energy sources?

carbs → lipids → proteins

why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temp?

because their fatty acids chains have branches, and the chains are packed together lightly.

why are saturated fats solid at room tempature?

because their fatty acid chains are parallel, untouching, packed together tightly.

what do translucence tests test for?

lipids

what do iodine tests test for

complex carbs

what do benedict’s test test

simple carbs

what does the buiret test test?

proteins

what is are the 2 differences between DNA and RNA?

1. RNA uses ribose as its sugar, DNA uses deoxyribose as its sugar

2. RNA is a single helix, DNA is a double helix

how is a quaternary structure formed?

two or more polypeptides bond together to make a final protein

what type of fat decreases cholestrol

polyunsaturated fats

what does DNA do?

1. create genetic information (making new cells)

2. help direct protein synthesis

what are the four nitrogen bases?

adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine

how are nitrogen bases linked together?

the nitrogen bases link together via hydrogen bonds

what are fortified foods?

foods that have added vitamins into them

secondary structure

amino acids chains form into beta-pleated sheets or into a helix, held together by hydrogen bonds

tetiary structure

the r group of the amino acid interferes with the smooth formation of the secondary structure, leading to a globular shape that helps create bonding sites

what does iron do

produce hemoglobin

what does phosphorus do

make proteins, DNA, RNA, and ATP

why are hydrogen bonds weak on nitrogen bases of dna?

so the dna can “unzip” easily for replication and protein synthesis

monosaccharides → disaccharides → ?

polysacchradies

what macromolecules contains a glycerol and three fatty acids

lipids

what is the significance of calcium in one’s diet

allows for strengthening of bones and teeth

true or false: vitamins are non-organic.

false

true or false: minerals are organic.

false

maintainence of body tissues is through the help of which macromolecule?

proteins

storing genetic information is through the help of which macromolecule"?

DNA