KN 243 - Exam #3 Review

What is a sole proprietorship?

one person owns/operates, no formal paperwork, finances are the responsibility of the owner

What is a partnership?

two or more people agree to operate a business, paperwork addresses eventual death/incapacity, general/express/implied/limited

What is an S-corporation?

most typical, profits flow to shareholders, profits taxed as ordinary income, shareholders shielded from personal liability by corporate veil

What is a C-corporation?

allows company to seek investors and conduct worldwide business, no limit on shareholders, different stock classifications

What is an LLC/LLP?

similar to an s-corp, profits flow through investors and taxed as ordinary income, corporate veil against personal liability, simple paperwork, no national standards regarding operation

What is a franchise operation?

has advantage of independent and multiple-facility operation, right to use an established brand name/trademark/logo/business model

What is an independent contractor?

control over work details, job to job payment, hired for short periods of time, requires no training, provide their own equipment, serve multiple clients, specific work is performed by them

What leads to employee status?

employers control work details, regularly scheduled payments, work ongoing, training expected, equipment provided by employer, typically work for one employer, work completed immediately

What is negligence?

failing to perform as a reasonable and prudent person would under similar circumstances

What is contributory vs comparative negligence?

prevents an injured party from recovering any damages if they have any fault vs allows victims to recover damages reduced by their percentage of fault

What four elements must the plaintiff establish to substantiate a charge of negligence in court?

defendant had a duty to protect the plaintiff from injury, defendant failed to uphold the standard of care necessary to perform that duty, damage/injury to the plaintiff occurred, damage/injury was caused by the defendant’s breach of duty (proximate causation)

What is an act of omission vs commission? Name an example of each.

failure to act when required resulting in harm or negligence (neglecting to report a safety hazard) vs deliberate, improper, or active actions that cause direct harm (providing incorrect medical care)

What is an agreement to participate?

protects the personal trainer from a client claiming to be unaware of the potential risks of physical activity, not considered a formal contract, should detail activity specifics/potential risk/expected behaviors

What is a waiver?

details the types of activities and risks of injury that would be prohibited from recovering compensation in a court of law

What is informed consent?

details possible discomforts and potential alternatives, demonstrates that a client knows risks, prepares client for effects of certain exercises

What are some legal responsibilities of facilities?

trip hazards, floor cushioning, free space, lighting/heating/AC, proximity to drinking fountains and bathrooms

What are some legal responsibilities regarding equipment?

meet safety and design standards, purchased from reputable manufacturer, regularly inspected and maintained, maintenance schedules, non-exercise equipment, AEDs

What are the two kinds of supervision?

general = overseeing a group of people, specific = typically during personal training where an individual performs a specific activity

What are some legal responsibilities regarding supervision?

never leave client where there’s potential for injury (such as spotting), alternate activities requiring general and specific supervision when working with two or more clients

What are some legal responsibilities regarding instruction?

individualizing workouts, insist on proper use of equipment and activity completion, avoid touching clients w/o permission

What is liability insurance?

professional: covers personal injuries, at least 1 mil in coverage

product: covers a personal trainer if a product fails to perform properly

What four steps can be taken for risk management?

risk identification, risk evaluation, approach for managing risk, implementation

What are some general benefits of muscular training?

increased physical capacity, enhanced metabolic function, reduced injury risk and disease prevention

What are some specific benefits of muscular training?

increased muscle fiber size and contractile strength, increased tensile strength in tendons and ligaments, increased bone mineral density, improved power production and sports performance, increased metabolism (due to lean tissue mass), reduced risk of disease development, improved mood

What acute physiological adaptations occur with muscular training?

motor unit and muscle fiber activation, fuel from creatine phosphate and glycogen, metabolic byproducts (H+ and lactate), increase in catabolic and anabolic hormones

What chronic physiological adaptations occur with muscular training?

increase in muscle strength and size

What seven factors influence muscle strength and growth?

hormone levels, sex, age, muscle fiber type, muscle length, limb length, tendon insertion point

What are the five muscular training principles?

progression, specificity, overload, reversibility, diminishing returns

What are the seven muscular training variables?

needs assessment, training frequency, exercise selection and order, training volume, training intensity, training tempo, rest intervals

What are the three components of muscular training?

warm up, conditioning, cool down

How do you calculate relative strength?

absolute strength (1RM) / bodyweight

How do you calculate overall relative strength?

upper body relative strength + lower body relative strength

What are the nutrition guidelines for stroke clients?

diet high in fruits, veggies, and minerals such as potassium

What is metabolic syndrome?

the presence of three or more of the following: elevated waist circumference, elevated triglycerides, reduced HDL, increased BP, elevated blood glucose

What are the general exercise guidelines, nutrition, and contraindications of osteoporosis?

adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D; avoid excessive forward movements of the spine, engage in muscular, weight-bearing, balance, and impact training, avoid fall-risk movements

What are some ways you can apply the ACE IFT model for older adults?

complete a thorough health screening, conduct posture and flexibility assessments, choose appropriate balance assessments, establish baseline capability using movement assessments, prioritize cardiorespiratory training

What are some benefits of exercising during and after pregnancy?

reduced preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, low-back pain, anxiety, nausea, heartburn, insomnia, leg cramps, excessive weight gain

What are the general exercise guidelines and contraindications during pregnancy?

active women continue their exercise program, unactive women should progressively active women, talk test to measure intensity, avoid abdominal activities, focus on hydration and caloric intake, snack before exercise

What are some factors to take into consideration when testing and working with physically inactive children/youth?

make it fun, remain non-critical, celebrate achievements, vary equipment, include all three ranges of motion

What are the three phases of healing? What occurs in each one?

inflammation: 3-4 days

repair: ~6 weeks, overlaps w inflammation, tissue focus

remodeling: ~1-2 years (especially ligament/bone), overlaps w repair, start ~3-6 weeks

What is a sprain vs a strain? What are the grades for each? What occurs in each?

sprain = ligament, strain = muscle/tendon, three grades, grade I = swelling/tenderness, grade II = pain/swelling, weakness, decreased ROM, grade III = tear, audible sound, immediate pain, loss of function

What are some programming considerations for acute injuries?

refer to return-to-activity protocol provided by physician or physical therapist, after clearance shape exercise programming within physician limits, stop exercise if client expresses pain

What are some common overuse injuries in the lower back, shoulder, and hip?

muscle strains, disc injuries, tendinitis/tendinopathy, bursitis, fasciitis, stress fracture