Lecture 16-23: CL112 Exam3 real

by the 12th century bc, the eastern world was becoming

unstable and egypt was attacked by the “sea peoples”

rameses III had to defend egypt against these invaders

battle in the delta c 1174bc

pharaoh tricked sea people into

the delta and ambushed them

we know that minoans/myceneans were over seas traders and

we have a small number of illustrations but no accounts of naval actions

at the end of the “greek dark ages'“ , greece reappreaed as a number of

city states, prominent among them Athens and Sparta

the athenian become a major sea power

their battle ship the trireme (3 rows of oras)

for fighting (Athenian) :

a. boarding

b. but main weapon: bronze ram

grees vs persians in the early 5th century (400)

major naval battle at salams

who was defeated at the battle of salams

perisians by greek tactics

punic wars was between

rome and carthage

what happened in the first war duing the punich wars

a. romans had a new invention - the corvus (turns naval battle into land battle)

b. major naval battle at ecnomus

corvus (“crow”)

tool used by the romans, a spiked boarding bridge

major naval battle at ecnomus

off the coast of sicily - in 256 bc - perhaps the biggest naval battle of the ancient world and major carthaginian defeat

byzantines mantained a fleet using

smaller, faster craft 0 the dromon (“runner”)

byzantines also has a terror weapon

“greek fire”

in the middle ages in the west, war at sea

a. initial by merchants ships

b. as land battles - boarding tactics

with the coming of gunpowder, boarding still used but a new major tactic was firepower

standing off an enemy ship and attacking w cannon broadside

by the early 19th c,

steam would become a potential replacement for sails

nemesis

1st steam ship (w a iron vs wooden haul)

1859 - naval arms race began

a. french “la glorie”

b. vs english HMS warrior

both french “la glorie” and english HMS warrior

both steam + iron hulls (much stronger than wood)

in the US in the civil war we see

a. USS monitor vs

b. CSS virginia

both USS monitor and CSS virginia

both had w iron hulls

*the monitor has a revolving turret

but invention progression will bring one a new arms race in the

early 20th c

1763

French has lost the 7 years war (in American- the French and Indian in war

France had lost more than Canada (New France)

A. Influence on India

B. Islands in the Caribbean (sugar)

This British victory cost the British

Huge amounts of borrowed money, how are they going to pay it back

The govt thought

North American colonies, since we freed them from French attacks

From the 1650s

The London govt had taxed and tried to control trade in/with the colonies

What was the problem with this approach?

A. Colonies mostly rules themselves

B. But big tax issues came from parliament at which colonies had no representation

Govt in 1760

Began to produce a series of acts (laws) taxing various colonial commodities

Govt expected colonies to also pay for

Garrisons

Before the state police

The government used the army → so colonies saw soldiers saw govt enforcers

Colonies resisted

A. Refusing to buy taxed goods

B. Smuggling

In response the govt

Dropped some taxes, tried others (showed inconsistency and weakness)

1768

Govt sent troops to Boston (what they believed to be a trouble center)

March 1770

Trouble in Boston w soldiers

A. “Massacre”

The govt still persists in taxation but

Now its tea

Dec 1773 the “Boston tea party”

Response to Boston tea part:

A. The govt closed the port of Boston

B. Abolished local govt - sent in a military governor

Locals had been reading French govt Philosophy

A. People should govern themselves

B. They should be able to change govt

Govt tried military pressure which lead to

Open conflict in April 1775 (Brit defeat)

Brit besieged in Boston from

April ‘75 - march ‘76 (when they left)

They would rest to NY in

July ‘76

America fled to Pennsylvania but had 2 little victories

Trenton and Princeton (showed that the cause was not dead)

The capture of a British army at Saratoga in late 1777 which brought

The possibility of American victory to minds of the FRENCH

The French had made a treaty with

Americans - and provided ships and soldiers

The British (out the war)

Abandons the colonies in 1783

That victory had brought French closer to bankruptcy

Debts from Louis XIV who died in 1718

French tax structure based upon

Social structure - 3 estates system

3 estates system

1st estate church 1%

2nd estate nobles 2%

3rd estate everyone 97%

Another problem with the french, no legislature

They had a king = the govt

Summer 1789

The estates general called - supposedly to advise the king (which failed)

Because of this Paris

Revolted, capturing the kinds fort (the bastille)

3rd estate formed its own

Govt - the National Assembly - to give France a constitution

Louis XVI became “citizen king” until

He tried to run away, then was caught and gradually stripped of his power

After he was Louis XVI was caught

Put on trial and execute in Jan 1793 (executed as a traitor)

France moved towards

A. A war w/ Europe

B. Internal struggles leading to the committee of public safety - which arrested and killed at least 40,000 people

Until committee overthrow in July 1794

And thing calm down - although war w Europe countries

early in the west

people wrote about war

only later Greco-Roman times did people begin to

write how-tos - how to wage war

youll recall that Morris of Nassau (c 1600s) then read those earlier books and

developed the Dutch System based in part on Roman tactics

as technology changed, so do

tactics

by about 1700,

pikes were rapidly disappearing - muskets w/ bayonets were becoming the norm

necessary to develop new drills which:

a. mass muskets

b. allow muskets to fire in a carefully organized way (in part to conserve ammunition)

major decisions were being made like

how deep should units be? 3 ranks? more?

some other major questions were:

a. how to move men on an doff battlefields?

b. what to do about enemy cavalry?

three major formations develop:

1. column (on and odd the battlefield)

2. line (on battlefield)

3. square (against cavalry)

some countries in the early 18th c, begin to

add skirmishers - light infantry - for scouring and for breaking up enemy formations

by the napoleonic ear (1790s-1820),

everyone developed light infantry - trained to fight independently of lines (often in pairs)

cavalry also diversified

a. light cav

b. mounted infantry (commonly called dragoons)

c. heavy cav (descendants of old gendarmes)

artillery is changing

a. old bombards - for sieges

b. in Renaissance began to appear on battlefields

in 18th c, they began to become

standardized

napoleon born 1769, was trained as an

artillery man

then came 1789 and the revolution was

hard on officers (most of whom were nobles) so the army and navy lost much of its command structure

in 1792, most of europe opposed

france and attacked which had to produce bigger armies in a hurry

two part answer to needing bigger armies

a. conscription (the draft)

b. mixing 1 old roiyal unit w 2 new draftee units = demibrigade (old = whites) (new = blues)

to use these new draftees effectively - a new formation - attack column

a. mass of men marching w drumbeat towards the enemy

b. meant them to shake out into longlines

to help the attack

close up artillery

nap made reputatation initially by using

artillery to drive out bristish and spain ships from the harbor of Toulon (1793)

nap successful in italy in 1796 - so

when he proposed to invade egypt, govt agreed (1798)

nap returned to france as part of a coup and became

a. one of 3 consuls

b. the only consul

c. emperor (1804)

nap went on to dominate much of europe but 2 mistakes:

a. invading spain (1808)

b. invading russia (1812)

nap lost in spain and russia and eventually was send back to france:

where he was forced to abdicate, exiled to the tiny island of elba

Nap was exiled to

elba…

in march 1815, nap escaped and

began rebuilding his armies

nap tries to make a duel w his enemies -

which they reject, so he his to fight

naps plan:

a. attack weakest enemy armies

1. prussians

2. brit

b. to do so, march north, leaving other troops to watch over invasion routes

step one of nap’s plan seems to go well -

he defeats prussians - but has to make sure that they stay for from brit - he detaches 1/3 of his army to prevent this

wellington picked battlefield

a. long ridge - which he could conceal troops behind

b. set up walled forms in front as mini-fort- to slow French attacks

nap always has to worry about the prussians appearing

on his right

but he negins w an attack on his left to try to

focus wellington’s attention there

frontal attacks fail and nap decided to rely on his artillery, then

final infantry assaults - which failed and nap had to flee the battlefield (and the prussians arrived)

so, nap finally gone (died 1821-

will warfare continue to change?

what will happen to

column, line, square?

the area of waterloo - an area so often fought over that it became known as

“the cockpit of europe”

in the early 18th c,

the duke of marlborough, fighting the armies of louis XIV, had to deal w allies - the dutch in particular - the brit govt’s representative = charles viscount townshend (“turnip”)

much of netherlands = land reclaimed from north sea by the “polder system”

1. barrier

2. pump out water

3. then fertilize reclaimed land

townshend admired and used dutch methods in eastern england townshend made a

reputation for these methods

but the real money came not from agriculture,

but from sheep

since the middle ages a major wealth - producer in england =

wool