FP [1529-39]

What did Henry attempt to do in 1532?

He made an alliance with France to challenge Charles influence

Why did Henry’s alliance to France break down in 1532?

Francis wanted a marriage alliance between his son Henry and the Pope’s niece

When did Henry marry Anne Boleyn?

1533

What did Henry do to resolve his ‘Great Matter’?

He broke with Rome and made the Act of Supremacy in 1534

Why wasn’t their repercussion for Henry’s break with Rome?

Charles V was focused on Ottoman Turks and Christian Europe

How did Henry strengthen his position in Europe (1535)?

Making an alliance with the Schmalkaldic League (a group of German Princes and free cities)

Why was pressure on Henry’s position relieved in 1536 (Foreign Policy)?

- Death of Catherine of Aragon and execution of Anne Boleyn opened up the possibility of a renewed alliance with the Emperor.

- Fighting between the Charles V and Francis I reduced the potential danger of England’s isolated position.

Why was Henry struggling domestically in 1536?

Pilgrimage of Grace occurred (largest rebellion in Tudor history)

Why did Henry have problems in 1537?

James V married Madeliene (Francis daughter) renewing the Auld Alliance

Why did Henry’s position improve in 1537?

Edward IV was born

Why was Henry’s position weakened in 1538?

- Charles and Francis made peace with the Treaty of Nice and they agreed to sever connections with England.

- Pope Paul III published a bull excommunicating Henry turning Catholics against him

- The Pope sent envoys to both France and Scotland calling for a Catholic crusade against Henry

- James V married French Mary of Guise

Henry’s problems in 1539?

- HRE & French ambassadors recalled from England (sign of War)

- Act of Six articles made Henry seem weak as he retracts position

Positives of 1539?

- Anne of Cleves marriage negotiations

- League of Schmmalkaden negotiations could provide protection from Charles V

How much Control did Henry have 1529-39

Basically no control

Biggest Threats against Henry (1529-39)

- France + HRE + Pope
- France + HRE (Treaty of Nice)
- France + Scotland (Marriage of James V and Francis daughter)
- Papal Excommunication [Catholic nations against H8]

Henry’s policies during 1529-39

Henry could only react to policies being made against him and couldn’t react due to weak position (no allies)