Psych Chapter 8 concept quiz

nature

inherit, genetics

nurture

experiences

camps on development

nature vs nurture

stages vs continuity

stability vs change

domains on development

physical

cognitive

psychological/social

we have ? pairs of chromosomes made of DNA that contain the genes

23

We have 23 chromosomes from ? and 23 from ? for 46 total

egg, sperm

Chromosomes are a ? structure

threadlike

Body full of cells with chromosomes with ? with genes

DNA

How do you know if you will have a boy or a girl

the 23rd pair of chromosomes

female

XX

male

XY

You can get ? and ? from sperm

X and Y

Who determines the sex of the baby and why

the male because they have both X and Y

Klinefelter syndrome

XXY only males can have

Turner syndrome

X only girls can have

down syndrome (Trisony 21)

triple 21 instead of double 21, both male and female can have it

genotype

an individual’s unique genetic makeup

dominant vs recessive

cannot be seen

phenotype

an individual’s observed characteristics such as eye color and hair color

Stages of prenatal development

germinal

embryonic

fetal stage

germinal (seed)

zygote

conception-3 weeks

cells divide

less than .5 survive

attaches to uterine wall

blastocyst

cells dividing

fewer than half of the fetus’s survive in this stage due to being unprotected

germinal stage

if you have no attachment to the uterine wall you have no

pregnancy

embryonic stage

embryo

time of quick change

cells begin to differentiate in structure and function

body organs begin to form

heart begins to beat

ingestational sac

Fetal stage- fetus

9 weeks to birth

full term 38-40 weeks

by 6 months internal organs form to allow survival

recognize mothers voice in utero

Teratogens

hurt pregnancies

Teratogens have agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo/fetus during ? and cause ?

prenatal development, harm

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

type of teratogen

there is ? safe amount of alcohol when expecting

no

characteristics of FAS

small head, wide-set eyes, flattened nose

odds of FAS

1 in 67

major newborn reflexes

rooting

sucking

grasping

rooting

turn head and open mouth in the direction of touch or cheek

sucking

sucking in response to oral stimulation

grasping

the baby will grip your feelings so tightly that he can be lifted upright

other major newborn reflexes

babinski, stepping, mero

perceptual abilities

nearsighted

human face golds the newborn’s gaze

range of sight is about 6-12 inches

hour after birth a preference for mom’s voice and smell

on average babies will lift head and shoulders at

2 months

on average babies will sit without support at

6-7 months

on average babies will stand at

9 months

on average babies will walk at

12 months

categories of temperament: easy

40%

easy

adaptable, positive mood, regular habits

categories of temperament: difficult

10%

difficult

intense emotions, irritable, cry frequently,

collic

cry for no reason

categories of temperament: slow to warm up

15%

slow to warm up

low activity, somewhat slow to adapt, withdraw from new situations

categories of temperament: average

35%

average

unable to classify

attachment

the emotional bond that forms between infant and caregivers

attachment happens during

1st year of life

attachment was studied by

Mary Ainsworth strange situation experiment

strange situation experiment

mothers and infants brought into a room and researchers observed their interaction

2 categories of attachment

secure and insecure

infant directed speech

engages babies, sing songy

Noam Chomsky developed the

universal grammar, similar elements of language, innate ability for language acquisition

cooing

3 months, vowels

babbling

5 months, consonants

first words and finger point (object identification)

12 months

halophrases

14-18 months. single word phrase

telegraphic

18 months, 2 word sentences

3,000 words

3 years, language explosion

piaget’s 4 stages

sensorimotor stage

preoperational stage

concrete operational stage

formal operational stage

senorimotor stage

birth-2 years

experience the world through senses and actions

object permanence (8 months)

objects still exist even when not seen

strager anxiety (8 months)

preoperational stage

2-6 years

language development

ability to pretend

egocentrism

lack of conservation

pre-logical

symbolic

represent things with words and images

(schema, assimilation, accommodation)

concrete operational stage

7-11 years

thinking logically about concrete events

grasp analogies

conservation

math transformations (building to higher math) 6+5= 5+6

formal operational stage

12-adult

abstract reasoning

understand theories

sex

the biological category of male or female

gender

cultural, social, and psychological meanings associated with masculinity or femininity

Gender roles

behaviors attitudes and personality traits designated wither masc or fem in a given culture

type of learning associated with gender roles

observational and operant learning

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood- usually considered the span from puberty to independence from parents

puberty

process of attaining sexual maturity and reproductive ability

primary sex characteristics

reproductive organs

secondary sex characteristics

non-reproductive traits of men and women

first ejaculation/ spermarche

in boys turning point on the way to maturity

first menstrual cycle/ menarche

in girls turning point on the way to maturity

Early vs late developers (puberty)

early developers are at greater risk for unhealthy behaviors

authoritarian

rigid control/demand total predominance

Permissive

almost no control low structure

uninvolved

indifferent, low warmth, emotionally detached

authoritative

firm structure and guidance without rigid control

Erikson’s theory of development

psychosocial development based on social relationships

conflict theory

either/ or result

trust vs mistrust

birth-18 months (infancy) feeding hope

autonomy vs doubt

18 months- 3 years (early childhood) will independence, shame, guilt

initiative vs guilt

3-6 years exploration, purpose, help all the time

industry vs inferiority

6-12 years school confidence/competence, involved in activities, good feeling

identity vs isolation

young adulthood, 25-40, relationships, love

generativity vs stagnation

middle adulthood, 40-65 working/parenthood, care

ego integrity vs despair

late adulthood 65-death reflection on life, wisdom

kohlberg’s moral reasoning

making decisions about social justice and ethical issues, 3 levels, 6 stages

criticisms to kohlberg

based on gender and difference between reasoning and behavior

only used boys, weakness

Level 1

preconventional, less than 6 years, anyone can go through it

preconventional stages

stage 1: avoiding punishment

stage 2: reward/something in exchange

level 2

conventional, self and community, 7-11

conventional stages

stage 3: good boy/girl, fit in, approval

stage 4: rules are rules, avoid societal chaos

level 3

postconventional. older than 11, others