Developmental Psychology test 3 Armstrong MSstate Ch 5.2 - 8.1

schema

conceptual framework used to make sense of the world

accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

assimilation

interpreting new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

equilibration

restoring balance between present understanding and new experiences

sensorimotor

(birth-2 years) describes Piaget's stage in which the child explores the world through interaction of his mouth and hands with the environment

What are the 6 stages of the sensorimotor stage?

1) simple reflexes

2) primary circular reaction

3) secondary circular reactions

4) coordination of secondary schemes

5) tertiary circular reactions

6) invention of new means through mental combinations

simple reflexes

(birth-1 month) Piaget's first sensorimotor substage, which corresponds to the first month after birth. In this substage, sensation and action are coordinated primarily through reflexive behaviors.

ex) Cat and the Hat experiment

primary circular reactions

1-4 months, the repetition of actions that first occurred by chance and that focus on the infant's own body

secondary circular reactions

(4-8 months) involving people and objects, infants respond to other people, to toys, and to any other object they can touch or move

coordination of secondary schemes

(8-12 months) infants combine secondary actions to achieve simple goals such as when they push an obstacle out of the way in order to grasp a desired object

tertiary circular reactions

(12-18 months) physical trial and error. Infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world

invention of new means through mental combinations

(18 -24 months), external exploration is replaced by mental exploration, threshold for preoperational stage

ex) 2 kids (one younger and one older), wooden stick, crib

representational ability

Piaget, experience produces the representation (words, shapes) in mind of how things work

gross motor skills

coordinated movements of the muscles and limbs

fine motor skills

physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination

object permanence

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view

A-not-B error

8 - 12 months babies commit A not B error

Put toys behind A screen in front of the babies, but move the toy to B screen in front of the babies, but they go to A screen (but they do not make the same mistake after 12 months)

Habituation Events

Allows child to get used to events

deffered imitation

the imitation of people and events that were encountered or experienced hours, days, or weeks in the past

Piaget thought people can't do it until 18 months

Now we have evidence to show that it can appear at 6 months

zone of proximal development

the difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone

infant-directed speech

"baby talk", type of speech directed toward infants, characterized by short, simple sentences

vocalization

prelinguistic communication (ex. crying, cooing, babbling, echolalia, intonation)

crying

NOT a language

cooing

starts at 2 months old, articulated vowel-like sounds that appear to reflect positive excitement

vowel-like sounds such as "oohs" and "ahs." The cooing is always cooperative with a pleasant and relaxed state, not frustrated, hungry, angry, or tired.

babbling

1st vocalizations that sound like speech; starts at 8 months and contains consonants and vowels (ex. dada, mama, repeat); sounds like languages;

how they discriminate and encourage them to imitate their parents;

echolalia

starts at 10-12 months; automatic repetition of sounds/words that switch combinations;

repeat consonant-vowel combinations (ah-bah-bah), pause, and then switch to another combination. Sounds like talking

intonation

starts in first year; rising and falling intonation that sounds like their language, but still isn't really words

Use pitches of varying levels to help communicate meaning.

receptive vocabulary

sum total of words they understand (84 words at 12 months)

expressive vocabulary

sum total of words they can use( 13 words at 12 months)

referential style

a style of language referencing objects

ex) chair, shoe, door

expressive style

a style of language to express feelings and needs

ex) please, thank you, stop

ways to help a baby understand you

repeat words;

separate words;

put important things at the end of a sentence

first word

occurs at 11-13 months

how long does it take to acquire 10-30 words after speaking your first?

3-4 months (after 11 - 13 moths)

how long does it take to acquire 50 words after speaking your first?

18 months

_____% if 1st words are general (nouns) and specific nominals (names)

65%

general nominals (nouns include call, ball, doggy, boy)

Specific nominals (Daddy, Rover)

Babies use a mixture of referential and expressive language styles t/f

true

overextension

use of words in situations in which their meanings become extended/inappropriate (ex. moon -> all round objects)

functional overextension

overextension based on function (ex. cap is on head -> everything on a head is a cap (hair, tiara, towel)

contextual overextension

overextension based on context (ex. blanket gets called a nap because the child always gets their blanket before nap time,)

Affective Overextension

Communicates emotion. If a baby reaches for something that is HOT, we say it loud and warningly. Across different items that are expressed in same warning way, they may reply HOT.

telegraphic speech

type of speech where only essential words are used;

"home Daddy"

mean length of utterance

MLU; the average number of morphemes use in an utterance

morphemes

the smallest meaningful units in a language

It can be a word, or prefix or suffix -ed;

holophrase

single words express complex meanings (ex. "mama" can mean identifying, calling, asking) gestures and intonation are used to distinguish

at what age are 2 word sentences made

18-24 months

babies always use correct syntax (order of the words)

true

The role of imitation

theory of language where parents are models, but doesn't account for all language acquisition since kids refuse to imitate sometimes and make up own statements

I like they. No, I like them. - still I like they.

The role of reinforcement

theory of language with shaping and punishing, praising children for talking; Parents likely to emphasize accuracy/truth value

- If you label "turtle", but they say different, parents will let it go.

- If you only offer the correct answer, and judge the wrong pronunciation, they won't speak anymore.

reduplication

repetition of morphemes/words Ex. mama, dada

compound labels

using two terms to describe something to help a child build vocabulary

ex) bunny rabbit, kitty cat, moo cow

ways adults can enhance language development

1. simplified speech

2. questions

3. respond to expressive language

4. pay attention to their activity/toy

5. gesture

6. describe environment

7. read to them

8. talk to them

psycholinguistic theory

learning language involves environment AND inborn ability to acquire language

ex) exposure to parental speech and reinforcement

language acquisition device (LAD)

neural prewiring that facilitates child's learning of grammar and language (Noam Chomsky)

1. universality of language acquisition

2. regularity of early production of sounds

3. invariant sequence of language development

surface structure

superficial construction of the grammar of a sentence; differences between languages

deep structure

underlying meaning of a sentence; set of rules that's the same for all languages

sensitive period

time in linguistic theory (18 months till puberty) when brain is especially capable of learning language because of plasticity; found in recovering brain injuries in children;

e.g. Genie (a girl locked by her parents until 13, are not able to speak very well after she is been saved)

emergentist theory

view that child's complex abilities to understand and produce language emerge from simpler processes that are biological, cognitive, and social in nature

Thinking of cooking chocolate cake emerged from flour, sugar, cocoa powder..

makeup of language emergence

1. genetics, neurons (neural networks from interaction with parents and others), senses, auditory area of brain, Wernicke's area, Broca's area, motor cortex, associations, attention, pressure, social interaction

association areas

Broca's and Wernicke's

Broca's area

area of brain involved in language production (sound), left frontal lobe (SPEAKING)

Wernicke's area

area of brain involved in comprehension of language (know the meaning), left temporal lobe (COMPREHENSION)

aphasia

disruption in ability to produce/understand language (including Broca's area and Wernicke's area)

attachment

affectional bond between individuals, seeking close contact and distress upon seperation; better to be formed at infancy

if you didn't start attachment with a person, you can do it later (Yes, you can)

secure attachment

MOST COMMON, characterized by showing mild distress when mom leaves, seeking nearness and being readily soothed by them when she returns

- they separate with moms easily; they engage with toys easier;

- moms gone, see stranger (they don't like strangers, but they can calm down themselves or by strangers; they will start with toys again)

- moms come back (they re-engage with mom easily; share with toys)

secure attachment effects

longer attention span, less impulsive, problem solver at 5-6 years; better liked by peers/teachers, less aggressive, more competent

Mary Ainsworth

scientist who measured attachment, replaced mom with a stranger

avoidant attachment

- they can't leave moms (very needy); not interested in toys;

- moms gone, see stranger (they bothered by mom leaving; not calm down;)

- they ignore moms; angry with mom left, didn't reconnect with moms; and are indifference

ambilvalent/resistant attachment

(most normal one) stress when moms are not around (most disturb), clinging to mom but also pushing away;

disorganized/disoriented attachment

LEAST COMMON, dazed at all part of the experiment; disconnected all the time

Some causes of insecure attachment

- one or both caregivers have mental illness

- domestic violence

- cold/resist to meeting chidren's need

causes of secure attachment

- demonstrably (show) more affectionate to their children (hug, cuddle, physical contact)

- more cooperative (working together, playing together with child)

- parents predictable and caregiving

- response (to children's needs) more sensitive

siblings tend to develop _____ attachments to mother

similar

insecure attachment is often caused by

mental illness and abuse

_____ participate in more rough and tumble play with child

fathers

number of diapers a father changes reflects his involvement in child rearing true/false

true

attachment is persistent when caregiving is _____

consistent

stable or unstable bonds tend to endure into _____ and beyond.

middle childhood

stages of attachment

1. initial pre-attachment phase

2. attachment in the making phase

3. clear-cut attachment phase

initial pre-attachment phase

0-3 months;

indiscriminate attachment,

no fear of strangers,

don't really care

attachment-in-the-making phase

3-4 months;

prefer familiar people

clear-cut attachment phase

6-7 months;

intense dependence on the primary caregiver (usually mom)

cognitive theory of attachment

attachment theory that babies must have object permanence to know the caregiver still exists to be attached to

harlow's theory of attachment

attachment theory, tested on monkeys, showing that feeding is irrelevant and body contact is how attachment is formed

Contact comfort: the pleasure derived from physical contact with another; (the blanket mother of the monkey)

caregiving is largely _____

learned

releasing _____ spur attachment on

stimuli

____% of mothers with infants work

57

kids in day care are more likely to have _____ attachment

insecure

daycare kids

peer oriented and play better; more independent, confident, outgoing, affectionate, and cooperative

high quality daycare

type of care that increases language and cognitive skill development

_____% of kids in daycare are more aggressive

17

at what age do babies begin laughing at active stimuli

3-5 months

differential emotions theory

Izard's view that the major emotions are distinct at birth but emerge gradually in accord with maturation and the child's developing needs.

- present; distinct means different (not like the others)

- can't distinct a newborn's expression by the facial expression (four faces on the textbook)

maximally discriminating facial movement scoring system

pictures of creepy baby facial emotions to rank how well babies emote (anger, enjoyment, fear, interest)

not very clear sometimes

What type of children show fear and distress even when design was to cause joy.

insecure kids

At what age does fear of strangers (stranger anxiety) emerge?

6-9 months

social referencing

using another persons reaction to a situation to form your own reaction; requires looking at someone, associating response with unfamiliarity, regulating own emotions to match

- Children read caregiver, they adjust their bahavior based on your reaction

- you are teaching your children even though you don't say anything (they can read you)

emotional regulation

techniques for controlling one's emotional states

- infants use emotional signals for adult to help them cope with uncertainty

- caregivers play an important role in helping infants learn to reuglate their emotions

A 13 months baby have a toy they can fix, they will ask for your help. But if you can't fix it too, you will angry and throw it, then you kids will learn it.

temperament

individual differences in styles of reaction that are present early in life; characteristic patterns of responding;

relatively stable throughout the lifetime

Thomas and Chess

identified three basic temperaments for infants; difficult, slow to warm and easy