Full Lab Exam Study Guide

what makes a good vs bad hypothesis

Good hypothesis makes a prediction and has an explanation for why

what is a good vs bad resource

CRAAP:

Currency

Reliablity

Author

Accuracry

Purpose

Why does chlorophyll fluoresce in solution?

Being there is no longer an ETC which means the energy has no where to go and just get released, causing visible light

Diagram the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain in a chloroplast

PSII --> cytochrome (pumps H+) --> PSI --> NADP reductase --> ATPase

Identify and diagram a leaf cross section:

4 terms

o Epidermis

o Mesophyll

o Vascular bundle

o Bundle sheath

C3 plant leaf cross section

Often looks organized in vertical layers

You can see distinct, elongated palisade cells at the top and loose spongy cells at the bottom.

Small Bundle Sheath: The bundle sheath cells around the vein are small, translucent, and contain very few or no chloroplasts

C4 plant leaf cross section

Looks like a series of tight "rings" around every small vein

How do you make an epidermal peel and its purpose

o Count the number or stomata

o Recognize guard cells and epidermal cells

Stomata and the significance of:

where they are located on the leaf?

number of stomata?

open vs. closed?

in relation to the environmental conditions

o Where located on leave: more on the bottom to prevent transpiration

o Number: the higher the CO2 content, the less stomata because the plant does not as many stomata to take in CO2 and therefore avoid excesses water loss

o Open vs closed: stomata open when the temp is low and there is low wind because this is when the least amount of water loss will occur

Stomatal Index

# stomata/ # stomata + # epidermal cells

Understand and able to explain water potential and the effects it has on water movement

o Water potential water will move from high to low WP

o From negative to more negative, or from positive to negative

o Will move from areas of low solute to high solute

What is the difference between apoplastic and symplastic routes that water can take

o Apoplastic: between cells

o Symplastic: through cells

Ariel roots

Brace roots

Pneumatophores

Rhizome

Corm

Tuber

Stolon

Bulb

Monocot root

Dicot root

Monocot shoot

Dicot shoot

Terms to Know

o Epidermis

o Cortex (ground tissue)

o Vascular Steel

o Endodermis (root)

o Pericycle (root)

o Pith (mono root)

o Xylem

o Phloem

o Cambium (di stem)

What type of roots do monocots typically have

fibrous roots

what type of roots do dicots typically have

tap roots

How does asexual reproduction work in plants and identify and diagram the types of propagules used

list 8 examples

the offspring is genetic copy of the parents

o Plantlets

o Stolon

o Tuber

o Corm

o Rhizome

o Bulb

o Plant cuttings (leaf, stem or root)

Layering

Division

Grafting

o Tissue culture

Advantages of Asexual

§ Able to populate an area quickly

§ No need to find a mate

§ Conserve parental genetics

§ No need for seed germination

Economics

Disadvantages of asexual

§ Low genetic diversity

§ No seed bank

§ Short dispersal area

what are 2 characteristics of dicot flowers/plants

groups of 4-5

web like leaves

what are 2 characteristics of monocot flowers/plants

§ 3

§ Parallel leaves

§ Have coleoptile

perfect flower

has both male/female reproductive parts (stamens and carpels)

imperfect flowers

Flowers with either stamens or carpels, but not both

Imperfect - Staminate

only has stamens

Imperfect - Carpellate/pistillate

only has carpels

Imperfect - monoecious

one house (male and female flowers on the same plant)

Imperfect - Diecious

2 houses (different male and female plants)

True fruit

Fruit is derived from ovary tissue only

Accessory fruit

Fruit is derived from ovary, but also other nearby tissues (receptacles, sepals, etc

Drupe and examples

fleshy mesocarp, stony endocarp covering the seed (Peach, Cherry, Olive, Plum

Pome

has a 'core' that contains many seeds, surrounded by fleshy mesocarp, found in the family Rosaceae (Apple, Pear) Accessory fruit

Berry

the entire pericarp is fleshy, composed of 1+ carpels (Blueberry, Grape, Tomato

radial symmetry

also called regular or actinomorphic ('ray-shape'

Bilateral symmetry

also called irregular or zygomorphic ('pair-shape')

Auxins

(IAA):

Root growth

Stimulate cell elongation, apical dominance (growth at the tip), root formation, and phototropism (growing toward light). They are crucial for shaping plant structure.

Cytokinin

Shoot growth

Stimulate cell division (cytokinesis) in roots and shoots, delay senescence (aging) of tissues, and promote leaf expansion

Gibberellins

(GA): Promote rapid stem elongation, break seed dormancy, and trigger germination. They induce plants to grow taller

Ethylene

plant hormone that stimulates fruits to ripen

A gaseous hormone that promotes fruit ripening, leaf and fruit abscission (dropping), and stem thickening, often acting to manage stress

Abscisic Acid

(ABA): Known as the "stress hormone," it inhibits growth, promotes seed dormancy, and triggers stomata closure to reduce water

what hormones, receptors, and colors of light are responsible for germination

§ Receptors: Phytochromes

§ Colors of Light: Red promotes germination; Far-red inhibits it.

§ Hormones:

· Gibberellins (GA): Promotes germination by breaking dormancy.

· Abscisic Acid (ABA): Maintains seed dormancy (inhibits germination).

Mechanism: Red light converts inactive phytochrome to active which moves into the nucleus, reduces ABA levels, increases GA levels, and triggers starch breakdown

What hormones, receptors, and colors of light are responsible for phototropism

§ Receptors: Phototropins

§ Colors of Light: Blue light

§ Hormones: Auxin

Mechanism: Phototropins detect directional blue light and cause auxins to move from the illuminated side to the shady side of the stem. Higher auxin concentration on the shady side promotes faster cell elongation, causing the plant to bend toward the light

What hormones, receptors, and colors of light are responsible for etiolation

§ Receptors: Phytochromes

§ Colors of Light: Red and Blue light.

§ Hormones:

Auxin (stimulates stem elongation in the dark)

Gibberellins

§ Mechanism:

§ Etiolation (Dark):

Without light, high auxin causes long stems, closed

cotyledons, and no chlorophyll (pale color).

De-etiolation (Light):

Exposure to light activates phytochrome,

which inhibit auxin-mediated elongation, open the cotyledons,

and turn the plant green

Fast Plant project

• What are they:

• Their life cycle:

• Why do we use them for experiments?

What are they:

o a rapid-cycling, specialized form of Brassica rapa (mustard family) developed by the University of Wisconsin-Madison for education and research.

• Their life cycle:

o They are selectively bred to complete their entire life cycle—from seed to plant to new seed—in just 35-40 days