history final exam

triple alliance

central powers made up of Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary

triple entente

allied powers made up of France, Russia, and Britain

MAIN

militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism.

militarism

glorification of military & war & arms race & military build up. military leaders gained influence

alliances

pledges to protect one another. if one went to war, the others would follow

imperialism

competition for land & resources fueled rivalries for power

nationalism

pride in ones country’s economic and military successes. fear of rebellions.

assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

heir to throne of Austria-Hungary. visited Bosnia and angered Serbian nationalists. got shot in car by Serbians which made Austria declare war on Serbia.

stalemate

British and French VS Germans. both sides began digging deep trenches. lead to long stalemate. battle lines almost unchanged for 4 years.

Trench Warfare

vast system of trenches, 475 miles. roast in summer sun or freeze in bitter winters. share food with rats and beds with lice.

no mans land

area between opposing trenches that would kill anyone who stepped

machine guns

mow down waves of soliders

sinking of the lusitania

1200 killed, 128 of them were Americans. angered US

Zimmerman Note

stated that Germany would help Mexico regain New Mexico, Texas, Arizona in return for support against US. made US enter war.

poison gas

blinded, choked, burned, blistered soldiers. led to use of gas masks.

Fourteen Points

lists of terms by Wilson to stop wars. freedom of seas, trades, and self determination. no secret treaties.

Treaty of Versailles

Germany forced to sign this, takes full responsibility for war and pays for huge reparations/war damages. devastated German economy and created resentment that poisoned climate. fueled support for Nazis.

League of Nations

beacon of hope. 40+ nations joined. negotiate disputes and avoid war. common action against aggressor. US didn’t join and that weakened the power. right step for future

Grigori Rasputin

illiterate peasant that was believed to have magical powers. mad monk that was close advisor to tsarina. influence led to his murder.

Bolsheviks

radical socialist group that took charge of the government. leader was VI Lenin.

VI Lenin

marxism is better. only revolution could bring change.

Communists

Bolsheviks new name. became dominant power over Russia.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

soviet union. united much of the old Russian empire. communist part reigned supreme in the new gov. army & secret police to dominate.

Joseph Stalin

new leader cuz trotsky flees and dies. got the power now

Roaring Twenties

post war young people chased excitement. new tech led to new mass culture. affordable cars, telephones, new forms of media

Great Depression

economic crisis in USA and global economic slump. hurt foreign investments and global trade markets. govs struggled which opened doors for extremists, radials, aggressive leaders.

Benito Mussolini

fierce nationalist of fascist party. fiery & charismatic & promised to replace turmoil with order

IL Duce

leader, dictator of Italy. ruled with totalitarian & fascism.

Totalitarian State

one party dictatorship regulates all aspects of life. controlled the economy, secret police, propaganda & terror to control power. if you criticize, you go die.

Extreme Nationalism

glorifies state over individuals. loyalty! believe obey fight.

Fascism

authoritative gov. NOT COMMUNISM. policies glorify state over individual. destructive to human rights. glorify action, violence, & blind loyalty to state

Command Economy

gov controls all basic economic decisions. gov owned all business, farms, & resources.

Gulag

systems of brutal labor camps. critics, political opps.14 million sent.

Adolf Hitler

Austrian anti-jew who hated Weimar Republic. fought in WWI for Germany.

Anti-Semitism

prejudice against Jews

Nazi Party

nazi storm troopers, sparked violence in streets in political protest.

Mein Kampf

hitler’s 720 page manifesto. book of Nazi goalds & ideology. filled with racism, extreme nationalism, anti semistem. Germans were master race.

Third Reich

new empire under Hitler. German master race would dominate Europe. rejected treaty of Versailles and improved standard of living.

Nuremberg Laws

deprived Jews of citizenship and created severe restrictions.

Kristallnacht

nazi mobs burned & destroyed Jewish homes, businesses, schools, and churches.

Appeasement

giving in to demands of aggressor to keep the peace.

Axis powers alliance

Germany Italy Japan. all three agreed to fight soviet communism and don’t interfere with expansion.

Nazi-Soviet Pact

non-agression pact between Hitler & Stalin. won’t declare war on each other. not based on friendship but mutual need.

Germany invades Poland

britain & France declares war on Germany and WWII begins.

Blitzkrieg

lighting war, with tank and air power tech to strike a quick deadly blow. air bomb factories and cities. then fast moving troops and tanks push into enemy lines.

Hitler invades Soviet Union

operation Barbarossa. wanted living space, Soviet resources, crush communism & Stalin. costly mistake

General Winter

Russian winter halts German advances. German forces are ill-equipped and thousands freeze to death.

Hideki Tojo

prime minister of Japan who wanted to seize lands in Asia & pacific to grow the Japanese empire & saw US as threat

Attack on Pearl Harbor

surprise bombing of American naval fleet in hawaii. US declares war on Japan. ships and aircraft destroyed

Concentration camps

detention centers for enemies off the state. Jews, communists, etc. forced labor, brutal treatment, hunger, Disease, execution. med experiments & sterilization on patients.

Final Solution

extermination of all Jews in Europe. hitler’s campaign of the Nazi party

Holocaust

campaign of genocide against Jews. created 6 death camps, 6 million Jews dead.

Death camps

Nazis shipped Jews & others from all over Europe. designed efficient means of killing millions. stripped of clothes, possessions, hair shaved, and sent to the shower rooms and gassed to death. bodies are then burned in crematoriums.

Anne Frank

13 year old girl who wrote a diary while hiding from the Nazis.

Impact of Holocaust

6 million Jews killed. 2/3 of European Jews. 5 million others killed. horrors of Holocaust led to worldwide support for Israel.

Total War

devote all of the nation’s resources to war effort. Factories stop making cars & fridges and made airplanes, and tanks.

Rosie the Riveter

war propaganda to encourage women in the workforce

Big Three

Roosevelt Churchill Stalin. met periodically to plan allied strategy. mutual distrust.

Dwight Eisenhower

leader of the Mediterranean front which pushed into Italy and overthrew Mussolini.

D-Day Invasion

invasion of France where 156k paratroopers dropped behind German lines. heavy losses but allies free Paris!!

Yalta Conference

big three meet in Yalta. plan for final stages of war & post war. Stalin wants to maintain control & security in east Europe. Churchill and Roosevelt want self determination and support in war.

VE day

Official end to war. Hitler fighting multiple fronts, German invasion of Soviet union. production power of the US. allied bombing of German infrastructure.

Manhattan Project

top secret project with the first atomic bomb tested. alternative option for ending the war.

Harry Truman

invasion of Japan or use of atomic bomb. atomic bomb would end war faster & save american lives.

Atomic Bombs

dropped on Hiroshima & Nagasaki. H - 70k N - 40k. forced emperor to surrender

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

cities in Japan that got bombed

Aftermath of WWII

50 million killed, many countries are in ruins. total war gutted resources. 20 million refugees in Europe.

Nuremberg Trials

200 German & Austrian leaders guilty of crimes against humanity.

United Nations

50 nations with goal to keep peace by resolving issues peacefully. security council has US, UK, France, SU, china who have more power.

Superpowers

nations with economic & military resources to dominate

Cold War

state of tension & hostility between US & SU no armed conflict occured. conflicting ideologies & mutual distrust led to Cold War.

Iron Curtain

iron curtain was dividing Europe into east (communism) and west (democracy)

Truman Doctrine

saw communism as evil so containment - limit communism to only areas under Soviet control.

Marshall Plan

massive aid package by the US to provide food & economic assistance to struggling European countries to keep communism away.

NATO - what it is

military alliance with US, Canada, and 10 others.

Warsaw Pact

military alliance with SU & 7 satellite states in east europe

Berlin Wall

massive concrete wall with barbed wire dividing the city that became a symbol of the Cold War

Cuban Missile Crisis

US trade embargo on Cuba. Soviets build nuclear missile bases in Cuba. The US naval blocks Cuba. 13 days scared.

Suburbanization

movement from cities to suburbs outside of city

Mao Zedong

communist leader of China

People’s Republic of China

one party communist totalitarian state

Korean War

north had China & soviets. south had US & UN. 3 years, ended in long deadly stalemate. armistice signed to end fighting.

DMZ

created near 38th parallel. no military forces, heavily guarded,

North Korea today

communist, totalitarian regimes. isolated and kims’s rule ruthlessly totalitarian rule. Underdeveloped.

Ho Chi Minh

communist leader of revolutionary forces fighting for independence. becomes communist leader of north Vietnam,

Domino Theory

if Vietnam fell to communism, then the entire region might too. the US steps up efforts to stop communism.

Viet Cong

communist rebels inside South Vietnam trying to defeat the South’s gov. supported by Ho Chi Minh

Anti-War movement

large American casualties. victory felt impossible. questioning US involvement. challenges fighting Viet Cong. TV news show nightly footage of war destruction. unpopular draft.

Ho Chi Minh Trail

viet cong knew the countryside & used tunnel system. surprise attacks, difficulty finding rebels. supplied by ho chi Minh.

Outcome of the vietnam war

US began withdrawing troops from South Viet. north viet won and reunited both under communists. Saigon - south’s capital city.

what war was the triple alliance apart of?

WWI

what war was the triple entente apart of?

WWI

what war was the axis powers apart of?

WWII

what did MAIN do?

fuel competition and tension

NATO - what it stands for

North Atlantic Treaty Organization