L2 9th Grade World History - Renaissance and Reformation

Overview of the People in and terms used to describe the Renaissance

Renaissance

Rebirth of Classical Learning, creating new ideas

Secular

Worldly rather than Spiritual

Humanism

The system that focused on Human Achievement and values rather than spiritual ones

Italy

The Birthplace of the Renaissance with many wealthy merchants funding it

The Northern Renaissance

Where the Renaissance spread to and new ideas were created

Reformation

When Luther Criticizes the Catholic Church, causing a movement to create a new branch of Christianity called Protestantism

Martin Luther

The German Priest started the Revolution by opposing the Indulgence selling of his local priest, Johann Tetzel. (He also interpreted the bible in German)

Piety

To have faith/respect towards something or someone

Monarchy

When a government is ruled/controlled by 1 person that is not elected

What was the method of ruling in the Medieval Period?

Feudalism in which monarchs gave lands to lords in return for protection

What was the method of ruling in the Renaissance?

Democracy

What influence did Rome and Greece have on the Renaissance?

They built basic ideas on which scientists and artists could build off of

Patron

A person who sponsored art

How did nobles help the Renaissance?

By sponsoring and helping artists and scientists financially

Renaissance Man (defined by The Courtier)

The ideal man during the Renaissance which would need to be Charming, witty, able to dance, sing, write poetry, play music and be skilled in riding, wrestling and swordsmanship.

Renaissance Woman (defined by The Courtier)

The ideal women during the Renaissance which needed to be charming, inspire art, and be well educated (they still had no rights)

Perspective (art)

A style in art in which depth would be reflected

Realism

The idea in art that every part of the human should be as accurate as possible

How did more information of human anatomy impact art?

It allowed more nude works to be created

Vernacular

The language that is spoken in an area (many famous people wrote in vernacular instead of latin)

Predestination

A doctrine/belief in theology that states that god has already chosen everything about one’s life

Calvinism

A subclass of Protestantism that was created by the leader of Geneva, Calvin. (They believed in Predestination)

Theocracy

A government ruled by Religion

Anabaptism

A denomination of Protestantism which was pacifist and believed that one needed to be baptized as an adult. (They were the roots of the Amish)

Presbyters

Old men which ruled the Scottish church

Presbyterians

A denomination created by John Knox in Scotland which is based on Calvinism.

Jesuits

Followers of Ignatius of Loyola which helped him achieve his 3 goals

Goals of Jesuits

1. Found Christian Schools

2. Convert non-Catholics

3. Stop the spread of Protestantism

John Calvin

A protestant in Switzerland that was elected as the leader of Geneva, creating strict rules, making it a role model for other Protestant cities

Pope Paul III

A pope which started the structure change in the Catholic church.

What did Paul III achieve?

• He investigated and banned Indulgence selling

• approved Jesuit goals

• expelled Heresy/Non-Catholics

• Made the Bible as powerful as the Church

• And banned any new interpretations of the Bible

Pope Paul VI

A Pope following Paul III which finished the structure change of the Catholic Church by banning and burning all offensive books to the Church

John Knox

The founder of Presbyterians (Scottish Protestants) following the role model of John Calvin

Huguenots

French Protestants

Ignatius of Loyola

The creator of Jesuits, creating the 3 principles

Council of Trent

A meeting organized by Paul III which declared the following:

• Anybody who has another interpretation of the Bible is a Heretic

• Christians needed both good work and faith, not only faith like Lutherans

• The Bible and the Church were equally as powerful

• Indulgences are still allowed, but selling is banned

Johann Tetzel

The German Priest which sold indulgences, causing Luther to start the Reformaition

Indulgence

A pardon which a church official gives to forgive a sin

Theses

Formal written arguments

Lutheran

A denomination of Protestantism which follows the beliefs of Martin Luther

What did Martin Luther teach?

• People would go to heaven only by having faith in God’s forgiveness

• All teachings should be based on the bible

• The Pope and traditions were false authorities

• All people of Faith were Equal; no priests were needed

Protestant

A Christian which belonged to a non-Catholic Church

Annul

To set aside Marriage in order to marry someone else

Anglican Church

The church created by Henry VIII in order to abandon his marriage in which the monarch has the highest power

Henry VIII

The king of England which married 6 wives in order to get a male heir

Queen Elizabeth I

A child of Henry VIII which became the first Queen after much hardship and brought England into its golden age

Thomas More

A royal advisor of Henry VIII who wrote about Utopia, the perfect place, and was executed (because he refused to join the Anglican Church)

Printing Press (in relation to the Renaissance)

It was discovered Johann Gutenberg which then made it popular and allowed the spread of information quickly

Vitruvian Man

The drawing by Leonardo da Vinci that proposed a perfect body based on the studies of a roman architect Vitruvius

Utopia

The place Thomas More wrote about, and proposing it as a perfect Soceity with no bloodshed and minimal crime.

The House of Medici

A Rich Italian Banking Dynasty which funded art

How many Theses did Luther write?

95

The Prince

A book by Machiavelli which explained how to gain and keep power no matter the ethics

School of Athens

A painting by Raphael which painted Greek philosophers with depth and Plato and Aristotle in the middle

Sistine Chapel

A church in Vatican City in which Michelangelo painted a ceiling painting in

Queen Mary I

The oldest Child of Henry VIII who persecuted Protestants (Bloody Mary) and tried to restore Catholicism

King Edward

The son of Henry VIII who became king at 9 and died at 15, allowing Elizabeth to become Queen

Fresco

A painting that is part of the wall (part of the concrete mixture) which is painted whilst it is still wet