Biology hahahah

revisione for my friendlings

Define “Tissues”

Similar looking cells that work together to carry out a particular job or function

What are the 4 types of Tissue?

1. Connective Tissue

2. Muscle Tissue

3. Nervous Tissue

4. Epithelial Tissue

What’s the function of a Connective Tissue?

It is the group of cells that provide connections to other parts of the body, these can include blood cells, bone cells, ligaments, tendons ect. These cells are also surrounded by a non-living material called a “matrix,” which can be solid or liquid

What’s the function of a Muscle Tissue?

It is the group of cells that allow the body to move, these can include allowing a heart to beat, or just allowing us to move in general

What is the function of a Nervous Tissue?

It is the group of cells that pass on electrical messages, which occurs through neuronal cells

What is the function of an Epithelial Tissue?

It is the group of Cells that cover and protect the body

Define “Organ”

A group of tissues that work together for a purpose, an example of an organ can be the heart as it contains blood, (connective tissue) has a nervous tissue to help the cells communicate, ect

Define “System”

A group of organs that work together for a purpose, with it mostly working together to maintain the health of the organism

Define “Root”

A PLANT ORGAN that helps to anchor the plant to the soil and help it absorbs nutrients and water

Define “Osmosis”

The movement of water through a selective membrane from an area of low salt concentration to an area of high salt concentration, occurs in ROOT CELLS

Define “Stem”

A PLANT ORGAN that is responsible for the transport of water and nutrients between the leaves and roots

Define “Vascular Bundle”

A group of tubes in plant stems that carry water and nutrients around the plant

What are the 2 main structures in the Vascular Bundle of a Stem?

1. The Xylem

2. The Phloem

What is the Xylem?

A vascular tissue in plants that conducts water and dissolved nutrients upwards from the ROOT and throughout a plant’s body- It is a STRAW-LIKE structure

What is the Phloem?

A vascular tissue in plants that conducts food made in the leaves during photosynthesis to all other parts of the plant’s body- it is a network of cells in the plant stem

Define “Transpiration”

The evaporation of water from the leaves, stems or flowers of a plant

Whats the leaves role in a plant?

Leaves are involved in GAS EXCHANGE and PHOTOSYNTHESIS

-The carbon dioxide moves in and out of cells through small openings called stomata

-When the sun is shining, the leaves absorb light energy to convert the water from the roots and the carbon dioxide from the stomata into glucose (a sugar) and oxygen in a process known as PHOTOSYNTHESIS

What is Stomata?

Tiny pores in the leaves and stems of plants that allow gas exchange between a plant’s cells and the environment

What is Photosynthesis?

A process where a plant absorbs light to convert carbon dioxide and water to form glucose (a sugar) and oxygen

-Photosynthesis can not happen without the help of CHLOROPHYLL

What is Chlorophyll?

A green pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs solar energy, which is used by plants in photosynthesis

-During a season like autumn, some leaves lose their green chlorophyll, which is why other colours appear (such as red, orange, yellow)

List the Biological Hierarchy

organelles→cells→tissues→organs→body system→organism

What is the Respiratory System?

It is the body system responsible for breathing, transporting oxygen from the air to lungs, and transporting carbon dioxide from the lungs to the outside, it makes sure every cell in the body gets the oxygen it needs

What are the structures in the Respiratory System?

• 2 Lungs

• Vessels

• Alveoli (Air sacs)

• Rib Cage

• Diaphragm

What are the 2 types of Respiration?

1. Aerobic Respiration: Enough Oxygen Present

2. Anaerobic Respiration: Not Enough Oxygen Present

Inhalation-Pathway (In order)

1. Nose/mouth

2. Pharynx (Throat)

3. Larynx (Voice Box)

4. Trachea (Windpipe)

5. Enters the lungs

6. Left + right Brochi

7. Bronchioles

8. Alveoli

Exhalation-Pathway (In order)

1. Alveoli

2. Bronchioles

3. Exits the lungs

4. Bronchi

5. Trachea (Windpipe)

6. Larynx (Voice Box)

7. Pharynx (Throat)

8. Nose/Mouth

What is Cellular Respiration?

It is a chemical reaction where glucose and oxygen are converted to carbon dioxide, water and energy. This energy is then used for all the job cells need to perform, from making and breaking down substances to making new cells.

• Also known as the process of cells producing energy

Describe the Trachea (Windpipe)

It is the large tube that connects to the bronchi; carries air in and out of the body

Describe the Bronchi

The main airways that branch off into smaller and smaller ones in the lungs

Describe the Bronchiole

Smallest airways that lead to tiny air sacs in the lungs

Describe the Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs

What is the Epiglottis?

It is a flap of skin above the Larynx (Voice Box) that controls the passage of food and air, preventing food from entering the windpipe (Its so we dont choke on food)

What is Gas Exchange

This process occurs when air is breathed in, air enters the lungs and oxygen from that air moves to the blood; and at the same time, carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the lungs and is breathed out- This can not be done without the Alveoli

In diagrams, what does Red and Blue Blood mean?

Red=Oxygenated Blood

Blue=Deoxygenated Blood

What is the Diaphragm?

It is a DOME-SHAPED muscle that is attached to your ribs and moves up and down beneath your lungs. This muscle CONTRACTS DOWN (during inhalation) and RELAXES UP (during exhalation)

More Info: It separates the heart and lungs from the stomach and digestive system

VERY IMPORTANT INFO: During inhalation, the diaphragm and ribs work together to expand (Making your chest larger)- As the chest expands, the lungs expand, meaning it pulls air in. When the muscles relax, the chest and lungs become smaller, allowing air to move out again

What is Diffusion?

It is the process whereby molecules move from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration

What are the key structures required for gas exchange in vertebrates?

1. Gills

2. Lungs

3. Integumentary Exchange Areas

What are gills?

A respiratory organ that allows gas exchange to occur water

What are Integumentary Exchange Areas?

They are pockets of spaces inside small aquatic invertebrates who respire by diffusing gases in and out of their internal body fluid

What is a Spiracle?

They are external respiratory openings found on the thorax and abdomen of insects and some spiders

What is the role of the Circulatory System? (Also known as the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM)

It is to transport oxygen and nutrients (Including glucose for Cellular Respiration) to all cells in the body, and to remove all waste products (Including Carbon Dioxide). This occurs from the movement of blood to every part of the body, and back again- basically the transportation system of the body

Another Definition: An organ system that moves blood around the body, transporting oxygen and nutrients to the cells and removing waste products from the cells

What are the structures of the Circulatory System?

1. Heart

2. Blood Vessels

3. Blood

4. Lungs

Whats the Function of the Heart?

It pumps to force blood to move around the body

Whats the function of Blood Vessels?

It is the passageways for blood to move through. Can be oxygenated or deoxygenated

What is Blood?

It is connective tissue that contains important cells, liquid and dissolved substances such as waste and nutrients

Another Definition: Connective tissue that carries oxygen, nutrients and waste around the body

Another Definition: Cells and tissues that transports substances around the body

Blood is LIQUID TISSUE

What is the function of the Lungs?

It adds nutrients (Oxygen) into the blood and removes waste (Carbon Dioxide) out of the blood

What are the structures of the Heart?

1. Blood Vessels

2. Valves (Which stops blood from flowing backwards)

3. Chambers- Receives/fills with blood and pumps in 1 direction (2 atriums and 2 ventricles)

What is the Atria/Atrium?

It is the 2 smaller, upper chambers of the heart

What is the Ventricle?

It is the 2 large, lower chambers of the heart

What is the Aorta?

It is the major artery that carries oxygenated blood from the blood and divides into smaller arteries around the body

What are the 4 types of Blood?

1. Red Blood Cells

2. White Blood Cells

3. Platelets

4. Plasma

What is Red Blood Cells?

Cell in the blood that carries oxygen around the body

What is Plasma?

It is a straw-coloured fluid that forms part of the blood, it is what holds the 3 other blood cells in suspension and is where nutrients and waste (eg. Carbon Dioxide) is dissolved

What is Platelets?

It is small disk-like packages that burst when exposed to breaks in blood vessels. They fill the whole and glue the edges together

Another Definition: Cell fragments that create a blood clot to stop blood loss when a vessel breaks

What is White Blood Cells?

It is the immune system that kills invading microorganisms and infections diseases that enter the body

What are the 5 types of Blood Vessels?

1. Arteries

2. Veins

3. Capillaries

4. Arterioles

5. Venule

What are the Arteries?

They are the largest blood vessels. It is a thick muscular-walled blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart under pressure. Pressure is HIGH

What are the Arterioles?

It is just a smaller Artery lol

What are Veins?

These are similar size to Arteries. But only has a small amount of muscle in their walls, to avoid blood going backwards, veins contain 1 way valves

Another Definition: Thin walled vessel that carries blood towards the heart. Pressure is LOW

What is a Venule?

It is just a smaller Vein lol

What are Capillaries?

It is the smallest blood vessel, being only 1 cell thick, capillaries connect arteries and veins

• Allows substances to pass into and out of the blood (Pass nutrients from blood into the cells, and collects wastes from veins and returns to blood)

Possibly the most important Blood Vessel