HIS 101 Final Exam Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive practice vocabulary flashcards covering Roman history, the Middle Ages, and the Reformation based on the final exam study guide.

Roman Army (1st Century B.C.E.)

Following the civil wars of this period, the army increased in size and became more professional.

Princeps

The title preferred by Octavian (Augustus) meaning 'revered one'.

Praetorian Guards

Elite troops tasked with protecting the Roman emperor.

Romanization

A social process in the Roman Empire that varied widely in extent and speed across different geographic areas.

Imperial Gladiatorial Shows

Government-backed spectacles used to content the masses during the Roman Empire.

Terrible Third Century

A period characterized by civil wars, natural disasters, Germanic invasions, and inflation, though the Severan rulers remained knowledgeable of military affairs.

Paul's Contribution to Christianity

Broadened the reach of Christianity by preaching to both Jews and non-Jews.

New Rome

The city created by Constantine, recognized as his most enduring reform.

The Battle of Milvian Bridge

The event before which Constantine is supposedly said to have begun his support for Christianity.

Germanic Family (Late Antiquity)

A social unit that was strictly patriarchal.

Theodoric

The Ostrogothic king of Italy who was determined to maintain Roman customs and practices.

Wergeld

A Germanic legal system designed to prevent blood feuds.

Germanic Ordeal

A method believed to reveal truth by showing which party God favored in a dispute.

Islam

A word meaning submission to the will of Allah.

Western Monasticism

A religious practice characterized by a balance of study, work, and prayer.

Five Pillars of Islam

The core practices of Islam, which include prayer five times a day.

Hippodrome

A large amphitheater located in Constantinople.

Pepin

The first Frankish king anointed in a holy ceremony by an agent of the pope.

Missi Dominici

Officials appointed by Charlemagne to check up on his counts.

Carolingian Coronation of $800$

An event symbolizing the fusion of Roman, Germanic, and Christian cultures.

Carolingian Medical Practice

A healthcare approach that stressed the use of medicinal herbs and bleeding.

Magyars

A people originally from western Asia who migrated into eastern and central Europe.

Vassal

In feudal Europe, a man who served another as a warrior.

Serfs

Agricultural laborers bound to the land and required to provide labor and pay rent to a lord.

Manor

An agricultural estate owned by a lord and worked by peasants.

Battle of Lechfeld ($955$)

The battle where Otto I defeated the Magyars, benefiting the kingship of Germany.

Three-field System

A crop rotation method where one field was planted with winter grains, a second with spring grains and vegetables, and a third field was allowed to lie fallow.

Village Priest

A local clergyman whose main job was to teach villagers the basic elements of Christianity.

Chivalry

An ideal of civilized behavior for knights developed under the influence of the church, involving duties to defend the weak and treating captives with honor.

Guilds

Organizations of artisans that directed almost every aspect of the production process for certain trades.

Trivium and Quadrivium

The two parts that comprised the curriculum of the medieval university.

Romanesque Architecture

An eleventh and twelfth-century architectural style typically characterized by the barrel vault.

Aristotle

The philosopher who was at the center of most scholastic thought.

Domesday Book

An economic census commissioned by William of Normandy.

Magna Carta

A document from $1215$ described as an affirmation of the traditional rights of barons.

Estates-General

A French assembly consisting of three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the townspeople.

Granada

The last Muslim kingdom on the Iberian peninsula following the Christian offensive in the thirteenth century.

Battle of Legnano ($1176$)

A battle where Frederick Barbarossa was defeated, ending his attempt to control towns in northern Italy.

Fourth Lateran Council

An ecclesiastical gathering that decreed Jews must wear distinguishing marks.

Black Death Population Decline

A result of the great plague that reduced the European population by between $25$ and $50$ percent.

Pogroms

Organized massacres against the Jews during the era of the Black Death.

Great Schism ($1378$)

A split in the Catholic Church brought about when French cardinals elected a second pope.

The Divine Comedy

Dante's literary work depicting the soul’s progression to salvation.

Northern Christian Humanists

Scholars who championed the study of classical and early Christian texts to reform the Catholic Church.

Luther's Religious Crisis

A spiritual struggle that peaked with the conclusion that no amount of good works could guarantee salvation.

Politiques

A group in France that placed politics ahead of religion in an attempt to end the wars of religion.