Ap world final

1. Neo-Confucianism

A revival of Confucian ideas blended with Buddhist and Daoist beliefs, emphasizing order, hierarchy, and moral behavior.

2. Censorate

A Chinese government agency that monitored officials to prevent corruption and abuse of power.

3. Hangzhou (Song capital)

A major commercial and cultural city in southern China; capital of the Southern Song Dynasty.

4. Foot binding

A Chinese practice of tightly wrapping girls’ feet to make them smaller, seen as a sign of beauty and status.

5. “Middle Kingdom”

Term China used for itself, reflecting the belief that it was the center of the world.

6. Kowtow

A ritual of deep bowing to show respect or submission, especially to the Chinese emperor.

7. Xiongnu

A powerful nomadic group from Central Asia that frequently threatened northern China.

8. Sultanate of Delhi

A Muslim state that ruled much of northern India from the 1200s to 1500s.

9. Sufis

Islamic mystics who focused on personal devotion and spiritual connection to God.

10. Kabir

A poet and mystic who blended Hindu and Muslim ideas, promoting religious tolerance.

11. Sikhism

A monotheistic religion founded in Punjab that combines elements of Hinduism and Islam.

12. Timbuktu

A major West African trade and learning center, known for Islamic scholarship.

13. Mexica

The people also known as the Aztecs who built a powerful empire in Mesoamerica.

14. Triple Alliance

The alliance between Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan that formed the Aztec Empire.

15. Tenochtitlan

The capital city of the Aztec Empire, built on an island in Lake Texcoco.

16. Chinampas (“floating gardens”)

Raised farming beds built in lakes to increase agricultural production.

17. Huitzilopochtli

The Aztec god of the sun and war.

18. Quechua

The language spoken by the Inca Empire.

19. Gender Parallelism

A system in some societies where men and women had separate but equally important roles.

20. Yuan Dynasty

The Mongol-led dynasty that ruled China under Kublai Khan.

21. Khubilai Khan

Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China.

22. Hulegu

A Mongol leader who conquered parts of the Middle East and destroyed Baghdad.

23. Khutulun

A Mongol princess known for her strength and wrestling skills.

24. Kipchak Khanate/Golden Horde

A Mongol state that ruled over Russia and Eastern Europe.

25. Monsoon winds

Seasonal winds that affected trade patterns in the Indian Ocean.

26. Swahili language

A language that blends Bantu and Arabic, used in East African trade.

27. Great Zimbabwe

A powerful African kingdom known for trade and large stone structures.

28. Jenne-Jeno

An early West African city known for trade and urban development.

29. Camel caravans

Groups of traders traveling across deserts using camels, especially in trans-Saharan trade.

30. Encomienda/Repartimiento

Spanish labor systems forcing Indigenous people to work for colonists.

31. Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos

Social classes in Spanish colonies based on birthplace and ancestry.

32. Tupac Amaru Revolt

An Indigenous rebellion against Spanish rule in Peru.

33. Middle Passage

The brutal sea journey enslaved Africans endured to reach the Americas.

34. Cowrie shells

Shells used as currency in parts of Africa and Asia.

35. Kingdom of Dahomey

A West African kingdom involved in the slave trade.

36. Queen Nzinga

A leader who resisted Portuguese colonization in Central Africa.

37. British East India Company

A trading company that controlled much of India for Britain.

38. Dutch East India Company

A powerful Dutch trading company in Asia.

39. Potosí, Bolivia

A major silver mining center that fueled global trade.

40. Gunpowder empires

Empires (Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal) that used firearms to expand.

41. Janissaries

Elite Ottoman soldiers made up of enslaved boys trained for military service.

42. Sati

A practice where a widow would burn herself on her husband’s funeral pyre (later banned).

43. Jizya

A tax on non-Muslims in Islamic states.

44. Devshirme

The Ottoman system of taking Christian boys for government or military service.

45. Soft gold

Term for furs traded in northern regions like Russia.

46. Qing Dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of China, ruled by the Manchus.

47. Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689)

An agreement between China and Russia over borders and trade.

48. Declaration of Independence

Document declaring American independence from Britain (1776).

49. Creoles

People of European descent born in the Americas.

50. Miguel Hidalgo & Jose Morelos

Leaders of Mexico’s independence movement.

51. Simón Bolívar

Leader who helped free South America from Spanish rule.

52. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

French document promoting equality and rights.

53. Olympe de Gouges

Advocate for women’s rights during the French Revolution.

54. Napoleon Bonaparte

French leader who rose to power after the revolution.

55. Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution.

56. Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Haitian leader who declared independence.

57. “Independence debt”

Money Haiti was forced to pay France after independence.

58. Seneca Falls

The first women’s rights convention in the U.S.

59. Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Leader in the early women’s rights movement.

60. National American Woman Suffrage Association

Group fighting for women’s voting rights.

61. Kartini

Indonesian activist for women’s education.

62. Huda Sharawi

Egyptian feminist leader.

63. Steam Engine

A machine that uses steam power, key to industrialization.

64. Second Industrial Revolution

Period of rapid industrial growth with new technologies (late 1800s).

65. Middle Class

Social group between working class and elite, grew during industrialization.

66. Robert Owen

Early socialist who promoted better working conditions.

67. Karl Marx

Thinker who developed communism and criticized capitalism.

68. Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party

Marxist political party in Russia.

69. Crimean War

War involving Russia and European powers, showing Russian weakness.

70. Caudillos

Military leaders who ruled parts of Latin America.

71. Mexican Revolution (1910)

A major revolt that overthrew dictatorship in Mexico.

72. King Leopold of Belgium

King who brutally controlled the Congo.

73. Taiping Uprising

Massive rebellion in China against the Qing Dynasty.

74. Opium Wars

Conflicts between China and Britain over trade and opium.

75. Self-Strengthening Movement

Chinese effort to modernize using Western technology.

76. Boxer Uprising

Anti-foreign rebellion in China.

77. Hundred Days of Reform

Failed attempt to modernize China quickly.

78. Bolsheviks

Communist group led by Lenin in Russia.

79. Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Russian Revolution and founder of the Soviet Union.

80. Guomindang

Chinese nationalist party.

81. Mao Zedong

Communist leader of China.

82. Stalin and Mao

Communist leaders who used strict control and economic planning.

83. Zhenotdel

Soviet department focused on women’s rights.

84. Collectivization

Forcing farmers to work on state-owned farms.

85. Five-Year Plans

Russia’s Government plans to control economic production.

86. Great Leap Forward

Mao’s campaign to rapidly industrialize China; caused famine.

87. Cultural Revolution

Mao’s effort to remove old ideas and reinforce communism.

88. Great Purges

Stalin’s campaign to eliminate enemies.

89. Rape of Nanjing

Mass violence by Japanese troops in China during WWII.

90. Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Japanese cities where atomic bombs were dropped in WWII.

91. Rosie the Riveter

Symbol of women working in factories during WWII.

92. The Holocaust

Genocide of six million Jews by Nazi Germany.

93. United Nations

International organization promoting peace and cooperation.

94. Indian National Congress

Political party leading India’s independence movement.

95. Mohandas Gandhi

Leader of Indian independence using nonviolence.

96. Satyagraha

Gandhi’s method of peaceful resistance.

97. Muslim League

Political group advocating for Muslims in India.

98. Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Leader who helped create Pakistan.

99. Deng Xiaoping

Chinese leader who introduced economic reforms.

100. Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet leader who reformed the USSR.