Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology Practice Flashcards

Flashcards based on the lecture objectives for Anatomy and Physiology, covering subjects from levels of organization to special senses.

How is anatomy defined in contrast to physiology?

Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body, while physiology is the study of how those structures function.

What is the difference between a negative feedback loop and a positive feedback loop?

A negative feedback loop reverses a deviation from the set point to maintain homeostasis, whereas a positive feedback loop reinforces or intensifies the change.

Define metabolism and its two sub-processes.

Metabolism includes anabolism (building complex molecules from simpler ones) and catabolism (breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones).

What are the building blocks of proteins and how are they linked?

Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, which are formed by C-N linkages through dehydration synthesis.

What is the chemical composition and significance of ATP?

ATP is an energy molecule composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups; it is called a high energy molecule because of the energy stored in its phosphate bonds.

Describe the Central Dogma of protein synthesis as mentioned in the notes.

The pathway is: DNA \rightarrow RNAs (tRNA, mRNA, rRNA) via transcription \rightarrow polypeptide chain via translation \rightarrow protein via coiling, folding, and transport in the golgi and ER.

How many ATPs are typically produced in cellular respiration, and by what methods?

Approximately $30-32$ ATPs are produced via substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative-level phosphorylation.

Identify the two layers of the dermis.

The dermis is composed of the papillary layer and the reticular layer.

Name the three types of bone cells and their functions.

Osteoblasts (mineral deposition), osteocytes (mature bone maintenance), and osteoclasts (mineral reabsorption).

What are the three functional classifications of joints?

Diarthrotic (freely movable), amphiarthrotic (slightly movable), and synarthrotic (immovable).

What is the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

It is the process where actin and myosin filaments slide past one another to shorten the sarcomere, leading to muscle contraction.

What role do $\text{Ca}^{++}$, troponin, and tropomyosin play in muscle contraction?

In excitation-contraction coupling, $\text{Ca}^{++}$ binds to troponin, which causes tropomyosin to move and expose the binding sites on actin for myosin cross-bridge cycling.

Distinguish between the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.

What is saltatory conduction?

Saltatory or nodal conduction is the 'leaping' of a nerve impulse from one node of Ranvier to another along a myelinated fiber, which increases impulse speed.

Name the three meningeal coverings of the Central Nervous System from superficial to deep.

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and their general roles?

The Sympathetic division is associated with 'fight-or-flight' (thoracolumbar) and the Parasympathetic division with 'rest-and-digest' (craniosacral).

Define the term 'referred pain'.

Referred pain is the phenomenon where pain is felt in a location other than where the actual stimulus or injury is occurring.

What are the three phenomena that contribute to focusing images on the retina?

Accommodation of the lens, constriction and dilation of the pupil, and convergence.

Contrast static and dynamic equilibrium.

Static equilibrium involves the utricle and saccule detecting head position relative to gravity, while dynamic equilibrium involves the semicircular canals detecting rotational movement.