Lecture Review: Language, Speech, Philosophy, Science, and Mathematics

These flashcards cover a broad range of topics including Filipino linguistics, English speech styles, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Earth science, physics, chemistry, and algebra basics as outlined in the lecture notes.

Idyolek

A personal use of language, often unique, where each individual has their own style of expression and speech that serves as a symbolism of their personality.

Dayalek

A language variety developed within a specific region or province that the speakers belong to.

Sosyolek

A temporary language variety used by a specific group, often related to the socio-economic status and gender of the individuals.

Etnolek

A language variety developed from the words of ethnolinguistic groups.

Vakuul

A head covering used by the Ivatan people for protection during the dry and rainy seasons.

Ekolek

Words or language varieties commonly spoken inside the home, such as "palikuran" for bathroom.

Pidgin

A language variety with no formal structure, used by two people with different languages who rely on "make-shift" or temporary words.

Creole

A language variety that develops a formal structure from mixed languages and becomes the primary language of a place, such as Chavacano.

Rejister

Specialized language used in a particular domain, such as Jejemon or reversed words in texts.

Jargon

Special words or expressions used by a particular group of professionals and specialists, such as "AWOL" in employment.

Tower of Babel

An origin myth from Genesis 11:1-9 explaining why people of the world speak different languages after God confounded their speech.

Frozen Style

The most formal communicative style used in respectful situations and formal settings, characterized by fixed and static language like national anthems or marriage ceremonies.

Formal Style

A speech style used for medium to large groups or strangers, requiring pre-framed sentences and avoiding slang; used in meetings and interviews.

Consultative Style

A semi-formal, two-way operational style where the speaker does not usually plan what to say, such as in teacher-student or doctor-patient interactions.

Casual Style

Relaxed language used between friends and family members where slangs are common and the relationship between speaker and hearer is close.

Intimate Style

Private language used within a family or very close friends that utilizes personal codes, where formal grammar is unnecessary.

Kinesics

The interpretation of body motion communication, including facial expressions and gestures; popularly known as body language.

Physiological needs

Biological requirements for human survival such as air, food, drink, and sleep, which Maslow considered the most important needs.

Safety needs

The second tier of Maslow's hierarchy, including protection from elements, security, order, law, and stability.

Love and belongingness needs

The third level of human needs involving social feelings and interpersonal relationships like friendship, trust, and intimacy.

Esteem needs

Classified into esteem for oneself (dignity, mastery) and the desire for reputation or respect from others (status, prestige).

Self-actualization needs

The highest level of Maslow's hierarchy, referring to realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, and seeking personal growth.

Self-esteem

Confidence in one's own worth or abilities; self-respect.

Self Concept

An idea of the self constructed from personal beliefs and the responses of others.

Self Confidence

A feeling of trust in one's qualities, abilities, and judgment.

Nuclear fission

A reaction where a heavy nucleus is bombarded by neutrons, becoming unstable and decomposing into two nuclei while emitting energy and neutrons.

Nuclear Fusion

A nuclear process where energy is produced by smashing together light atoms, the process by which stars generate light and heat.

Convergence Theory

States that as nations transition to high industrialization, the same societal patterns emerge, creating a global culture.

Convergent Plate

A tectonic boundary where two plates move toward each other, forming mountain chains or subduction zones.

Dimitri Mendeleev

The Russian chemist who started the development of the periodic table in 1869, arranging elements by atomic mass.

Mohs scale

A scale of mineral hardness ranging from Talc ($1$) to Diamond ($10$).

Hermaphrodite

An organism that has complete or partial reproductive organs and produces gametes associated with both male and female sexes.

Cuneiform

The earliest writing system of the Sumerians.

Ziggurat

The step pyramid structure built by the Sumerians.

Crust

The thinnest and outermost layer of the Earth, consisting of continental crust (granite-type rocks) and oceanic crust (denser rocks like basalt).

Mantle

The thickest layer of Earth, extending down $2,890\,km$ and making up about $84\%$ of the planet's volume, consisting of rock called peridotite.

Inner core

The central part of Earth with extreme temperatures of approximately $5,400\,^{\circ}C$ ($9,800\,^{\circ}F$) and high pressures of $330$ to $360\,gigapascals$.

Outer core

A low viscosity fluid layer responsible for the Earth's magnetic field through violent convection currents.

Atom

The smallest unit of matter that still possesses the properties of an element.

Jupiter

A gigantic planet in our solar system classified as a gas giant.

Gas giant

A large planet composed mostly of gases like hydrogen and helium with a small rocky core; examples include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

Light ray

A hypothetical construct in geometrical optics that indicates the direction of light propagation at any point in space.

Law of reflection

States that the angle at which waves approach a barrier equals the angle at which they reflect off the barrier.

Refraction

The change in direction of waves as they pass from one medium to another, accompanied by a change in speed and wavelength.

Diffraction

The bending of waves as they pass through an opening or around a barrier in their path.

Transverse Wave

A wave where the particles of the medium move in a direction perpendicular to the motion of the wave.

Longitudinal Wave

A wave where the particles of the medium move parallel to the direction of the wave, such as sound waves.

Electromagnetic Waves

Waves where periodic changes occur in electric and magnetic fields; they do not require a medium to propagate and travel at the speed of light in a vacuum.

Matter Waves

Also called De Broglie waves, these depict the wave nature of all matter, indicating the dual nature of atoms and particles.

Hubble’s Law

The principle that every galaxy is rushing away from us with a speed in direct proportion to its distance, written as $v = H_0D$.

Metals

Elements on the left-hand side of the periodic table characterized by luster, high conductivity, and the tendency to lose electrons.

Metalloids

Elements along the zig-zag line of the periodic table that exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals; also called semimetals.

Nonmetals

Elements on the right-hand side of the periodic table that are usually poor conductors and readily gain electrons.

Element Groups

The columns of the periodic table; atoms within these share the same number of valence electrons and similar chemical properties.

Element Periods

The rows in the periodic table; atoms of these elements share the same highest electron energy level.

Ionic Bonds

Bonds formed between metals and nonmetals with very different electronegativity values, resulting in crystal lattices of cations and anions.

Covalent Bonds

Bonds formed between nonmetal atoms through the sharing of electrons.

Metallic Bonds

Bonds where metals share valence electrons in an "electron sea," allowing them to conduct electricity readily.

First Law of Motion

A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by an external force; also known as inertia.

Second Law of Motion

States that the force ($F$) acting on an object is equal to the mass ($m$) of that object times its acceleration ($a$), represented as $F = ma$.

Third Law of Motion

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Protons

Subatomic particles located in the nucleus with a positive charge of $+1$ and a mass of $1\,amu$.

Electrons

Fundamental particles called leptons with a negative charge of $-1$ that surround the nucleus and have extremely small mass.

Neutrons

Electrically neutral subatomic particles located in the nucleus with no charge ($n^0$) and a mass slightly greater than a proton.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

Atomic mass unit (amu)

A unit of mass defined as one-twelfth ($1/12$) the mass of a carbon-$12$ atom.

Simple Interest

A method of calculating interest by multiplying the daily interest rate by the principal by the number of days between payments.

Compound Interest

Interest calculated on the initial principal and the accumulated interest of previous periods, calculated as $\text{Compound Interest} = P [(1 + i)^n - 1]$.

Inverse function

A function that reverses another function, such that if $f(x) = y$, then $g(y) = x$.

Univariate data

Data that involves only one variable.

Bivariate data

Data that deals with the relationship between two different variables.

Percentile

A statistical measure indicating the value below which a given percentage of observations in a group falls.