Psych 9a midterm 1 UCI

the brain

electro chemical computer

neurons, synapes

3 lbs

coconut size

15-20% of oxygen

volume decreasing

epilepsy

incorrect electric activity spreads throughout the brain -> random movements

caused by infection, no oxygen, hit to the head

drug to help epilepsy

clonazepam, dampen neural activity so not over stimulated

corpus callosum

connection between two hemi

split brain

cut corpus collosum in order to confine epilepsy, mostly act normal

experiment 1:

1. blank screen

2. fixation cross

3. KEY x RING for 100ms

4. blank what did SB see?

SB says ring

left hand = key

right had = ring

How does experiment 1 work?

1/10 second display so SB cant look around

lateralization makes it so left brain (speaking)/ right hand is conscious of the word ring and right brain/left hand is conscious of the word key

experiment 2:

1. blank screen

2. fixation cross

3. to the left black or white disk

4. blank what did SB see?

1st attempt 50% chance of getting the right result

2nd attempt 100% chance of the correct result

How does experiment 2 work?

the right hemi is conscious of the correct color

the left hemi isn't so it guesses /lies

right hemi has an outburst and shakes the head yes or no

then the left hemi(speaking) can say the correct word

lateralization

LEFT: speaks, understand language, right hand

RIGHT: understand language, swears , left hand

visual fields

each eye see both visual fields but everything to left is processed in the right hemi and visa versa

normals: key is transfered through corpus collusum

zaidel

contact lens that make it so all info is transfered to the right hemi

left hemisphere

gray matter(neurons), incharge/inhibits, happier, deatiled , stroke? = more sad

right hemisphere

white matter(connections between neurons), holistic connections, sadder, faces reality, stroke?= more often happier

inter manual conflict (alien hand)

"naughty left hand"

split brain or damge to supplementary motor cortex

right hand = business, left hand = sexy dress

confabulation

making up stories that are not true

left hemi isn't really aware so it makes up a BS response to explain behavior

main function of brain

reception of signals (external world/ body, AFFERENT nerves)

reaction (process info EFFERENT )

integration ( complex computation

neurons

cells

basic units of nervous system

transport signals/ compute infor

preform computations

parts of a neuron

cell body, dendrites, axon

cell body

contains nuclues

sums up signals to see if the neuron is going to spike or not

keeps cell alive and functioning

dendrites

receive the signals

computation

send info to the cell body

branches impules

axon

send signal to other neurons through terminal fibers

"electric cabel"

transmits impules to muscles/glands

myelin sheath

myelinated axon = signal 10x faster

back of brain to the front

peripheral nerves (not in brain) = Schwann cells

central neveres (in brain) = GILAl oligodendrocytes

synapse

place where two neurons communicate through chemical neurotransmitters and receptors

EPSP (excitatory post-synaptic potential)

excitatory, more likely to fire

IPSP (inhibatory post-synaptic potential)

inhibitory less likely to fire

synaptic cleft

gap between pre and post synamptic nerve

axon membrane

specalized for spikes (action potential)

5 nm thick

bilipid layer

embedded protiens ( bumps channels recptors enzymes, structural)

axon potential

RESTING: outside = Na+, inside = K+, electric = -70mv

tries to mainatin this homeostatis

action potential

begins at hillock

depolarization -- hits threshold (-55mv)

channels open stucture of proteins allowing Na to rush in K+ pushed out

rapid change of electric potential

spiking neurons

1. dendrites recieve the signal

2. accumulate in the cell body and sum up signals

3. electric signal travels down the axon

depolarization

any movement of electric potential towards zero

hyper polarization

any movement of electric potential away from zero

refractory period

1-2 ms reset after the spike, more difficult for the neurons to fire

how often do neurons fire?

250 spikes per second

*** SPIKES ARE ALL OR NOTHING

how does the mylien sheath help action potential

blocks the wave, inbetween gives boosts to the signal as it goes across the axon

exocytosis

spike in presynaptic causes pre vessels to fuse to pre membrane and dump chemicals to synaptic cleft

synaptic transition

receptors = lock, neurotransmitters = key

right key opens the receptor and ions(calcium) flows through into the dentrite changing the electric potential to see if it can spike

how to get rid of neurotransimtters in the synaptic cleft

reuptake (pulls back into the presynaptic and recycles it )

enzyme decativation(chops us the neurotransmitters and pull pieces back into pre synamptic )

GABA

inhibitory neurotransmitter

"tells you no dont eat the cookie"

gutamate

excitatory neurotransmitter

Nor(ephidamine)

stressed, release adrenaline, heart rate increases, activates sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

dopamine

"reward" signal, expectation vs reality

too much = schizophrenia

too little = parkinsons

OCD

mental anguish/ painful rituals that put you into an infinte loop

too much dopamine in caudate (basal ganglia)

caudate

in the basal ganglia inner part of the brain

associated with species survival memories, clean, viligance, behavior errors

tourettes syndrome

too much dopamine in putamen

coprolalia (cussing/barking)

tics in arms/legs/face

big social impact

to stop is like holding your breath

putamen

in the basal ganglia (deep inside brain)

storage for mother programs (riding a bike, dancings)

sends to the motor cortex

cocaine

blocks the reuptake of dopamine in order to send bigger than normal signals across the cleft

build up tolerance so in order to try and maintain homeostasis eventually removes the receptors

serotoin

indolamine

too little dopamine

depression, mood

antidepressants= agonist more active seretonin because blocks reuptake

monoamines

cateccholamines - tyrosine

indolamines - tryptophan

psychology

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

neuroimaging

shows us which parts of the brain is active when in a particular mental state

brain damage

tells us about how our brain function and how memory guides behavior

decision making

guided by values/ expectations/personality/ how its framed

innate tendencies

experiences esp as a child influence how our personality is shaped

social behavior

influenced by social setting

diverse methods

how approach situations is significant because everyone is different

amygadala

detects whether a memory is emotionally significant leading to longer lasting memories

fear conditioning

show signal then predator now subject has time to run when they see the signal

actively interpreting the even and remembering vividly

soical function

amusement bond understand memories shaped by telling/retelling

PTSD

remembering too much of an even

types of prospectives

deveolpmental, cognative, neural , social, cultural, evolutionary

cerebral cortex

frontal lobes, parietal lobes, temporal lobes, occipital lobes

frontal lobes

brains exceutive center

plan for future, abstract thinking, control impuls

parietal lobes

topmost

weave togethere sensory info to create sens of spatial layout

temporal lobes

interpret sounds

occipital loves

rear

interpret visual info arriving from eyes

Descartes

behavior in a mechanical form, every action is a direct response to an even in the outside word (person)

efferent nerves

carry messages from the central nervous sytem

affernt nuerons

carry messages into the central nervous system

respond to external energy-> tirggering other neurons

projection nuerons

link central to another area long (afferent or efferent)

interneurons

local connections (short) neither efferent or afferent

gila

provides nourishment for neurons/ control nutrient supply, increase speed of neural communication, brain development

excitation threshold

voltage cap that if larger than -55mv fires

resting potential

voltage difference between inside and outside of neural membrane when the neuron is not firing

propagation

spread of action potential down an axon caused by changes in electrical charge

agonists

drugs that enhance neurotransmitter activity

antagonist

drugs that impede neurotramitter activity

endoctrine system

system of glands that release secreations directly into the blood stream and affect organs

hormones

chem released endoctrine system affect metabolism arousal liver sugar output

single cell recording

monitor neuron activity and find how some cells are motion detectors while others are shape dectectors

multi-cell recording

study how each cell is influencing the others and patterns

brain lesion

damage to the cells

transecting

disrupt the flow of information

nueropsycology

gain insight of brain function by studying brain damage

TMS( transcranial magnetic simulation)

provide magnetic stimulation at surface of the skull to temporarily stimulate or disable target brain region

only structures near surface of the brain

EEG electroencephalogram

record electric activity by placing electrodes on scalp

ERG: event related potential

electrical changes to a specific even use EEG

CT/CAT scan

examine brain structure by taking X-rays

find tumors/ damage

MRI (magnetic reasoning imaging)

doc the effect of strong magnetic pulses on brain tissue

PET: position emission tomography

examine brain FUNCTIONS by observing amount of metabolic activity in different brain regions

amount of radioactivity is distributed

fMRI

measures blood flow and oxygen use with in brain to study FUNCTIONS

bold signal

central nervous system

spinal cord and brain

peripheral nervous system

afferent and efferent nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord and connect to organs and muscles

somatic nervous system

skeletal movement(efferent) and sensory info (afferent)

autonomic nervous system

glands (efferent) and smooth muscles of internal organs and blood vessels (efferent)

sympathetic branch

mobilizes/excites body for physical extersion

parasypathetic branch

restor body to resting state

brain stem

top of spinal cord medella ( breathe / blood) and pons (attentiveness/timing of sleep)

cerebellum

muscle coordination/ equilibrium