RAD 233 - MIDTERM: BONY THORAX & SKULL

Ribs lie in an oblique plane in the thorax. How are the anterior ends situated in comparison to the posterior ends?

a. 1 inch lower

b. 1 inch higher

c. 3 to 5 inches lower

d. 3 to 5 inches higher

C

Where is the center of the IR positioned for a PA projection of sternoclavicular joints?

a. second thoracic vertebra

b. third thoracic vertebra

c. manubrium sterni

d. body of the sternum

B

The zygomatic arches are a part of which bone?

a. frontal

b. parietal

c. temporal

d. sphenoid

C

Which joints articulate with a vertebra?

1.) costovertebral

2.) costotransverse

3.) costochondral

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

A

For which type of body habitus will the diaphragm be at the highest level in the body?

a. sthenic

b. asthenic

c. hyposthenic

d. hypersthenic

D

In a typically shaped head, the petrous pyramids project anteriorly and medially at what angle?

a. 37 degrees

b. 40 degrees

c. 47 degrees

d. 54 degrees

C

For which type of body habitus will the diaphragm be at the lowest position in the body?

a. obese

b. hyposthenic

c. hypersthenic

d. emaciated

B

The central-ray angle for the PA axial (Caldwell) projection of the skull is:

a. 5 degrees cephalad

b. 10 degrees cephalad

c. 12 degrees caudad

d. 15 degrees caudad

D

What is the distance of movement of the diaphragm between deep inspiration and deep expiration?

a. 1.5 inches

b. 2 inches

c. 3 inches

d. 4 inches

A

Which of the following is the recommended breathing technique that should be used when examining the ribs that lie at the level of the diaphragm?

a. one deep inspiration (or expiration) and hold

b. two deep expirations (or inspirations) and hold

c. suspended respiration

d. slow, shallow breathing

B

Which of the following is the essential projection and body position for demonstration of the sternum?

a. AP, supine

b. PA, prone

c. PA oblique, LAO

d. PA oblique, RAO

D

Which of the following lines is placed perpendicular to the plane of the IR for the AP axial (Towne) projection?

a. orbitomeatal line

b. infraorbitomeatal line

c. glabellomeatal line

d. acanthiomeatal line

A

Which of the following projections would be used to demonstrate the sternum on a trauma patient who must remain relatively supine?

a. AP projection

b. PA projection, RAO

c. AP projection, LPO

d. AP projection, RPO

C

What is the average central-ray angulation for the PA axial (Haas) projection of the skull?

a. 25 degrees caudad

b. 25 degrees cephalad

c. 30 degrees caudad

d. 30 degrees cephalad

B

Which projection and body position will demonstrate the sternum through the heart?

a. PA oblique, RAO

b. PA oblique, LAO

c. AP oblique, RPO

d. AP oblique, LPO

A

If the patient cannot flex the neck to place the orbitomeatal line perpendicular to the IR for an AP axial (Towne) projection, which line should be placed perpendicular?

a. acanthiomeatal line

b. infraorbitomeatal line

c. glabellomeatal line

d. mentomeatal line

B

How much should the body be rotated for a PA oblique projection of the sternum?

a. 10 degrees

b. 20 degrees

c. 5 to 10 degrees

d. 15 to 20 degrees

D

The phase of respiration for a PA projection of the sternoclavicular joints is:

a. expiration

b. inspiration

c. suspended respiration

d. slow, shallow breathing

A

How is the head positioned for a PA projection of both sternoclavicular articulations?

a. on the left side

b. on the right side

c. with the forehead and nose on the table

d. with the midsagittal plane vertical

D

Where is the IR centered for a PA oblique sternum?

a. fifth thoracic vertebra

b. seventh thoracic vertebra

c. manubrium sterni

d. jugular notch

B

Which line should be placed parallel to the plane of the IR for the SMV projection of the cranial base?

a. acanthiomeatal line

b. orbitomeatal line

c. infraorbitomeatal line

d. mentomeatal line

C

The central ray and center of the IR position for a lateral projection of the skull is:

a. 1 inch below the EAM

b. 2 inches below the EAM

c. 1 inch above the EAM

d. 2 inches above the EAM

D

How is the patient's head positioned for a PA projection of one sternoclavicular joint?

a. turn the head to face the affected side

b. turn the head to face the unaffected side

c. with the forehead and nose on the table

d. with the midsagittal plane vertical

A

Which breathing techniques can be used when performing an oblique projection of the sternum?

1.) inspiration

2.) expiration

3.) slow, shallow breathing

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

C

Radiographic demonstration of the cranial base is performed by which method?

a. Haas

b. Rhese

c. Towne

d. Schüller

D

The central-ray angle for the PA oblique projection of the sternum is:

a. 5 degrees caudad

b. 10 degrees caudad

c. 15 degrees caudad

d. perpendicular

D

Which of the following methods will demonstrate the optic canal?

a. Rhese

b. Towne

c. Schüller

d. Caldwell

A

Which bone in the skull contains the auditory organs and the organs of hearing?

a. temporal

b. sphenoid

c. occipital

d. ethmoid

A

Which SID is recommended for the lateral projection of the sternum for management of magnification?

a. 48 inches

b. 60 inches

c. 72 inches

d. 120 inches

C

What is the central-ray angulation for the SMV projection?

a. 0 degrees

b. 5 degrees caudad

c. 5 degrees cephalad

d. 5 to 7 degrees cephalad

A

What is the respiration phase for a lateral projection of the sternum?

a. deep expiration

b. deep inspiration

c. slow, shallow breathing

d. long, deep breathing

B

Which of the following is perpendicular to the plane of the IR for a Caldwell projection of the skull?

a. glabellomeatal line

b. acanthiomeatal line

c. orbitomeatal line

d. mentomeatal line

C

The central-ray angulation for a PA projection of the sternoclavicular joint is:

a. 0 degrees

b. 5 degrees caudad

c. 10 degrees caudad

d. 10 to 15 degrees caudad

A

Where is the bottom of the IR positioned for an AP projection of the ribs (below the diaphragm)?

a. at the xiphoid

b. at the ASIS

c. 1.5 inches above the crest of the ilium

d. at the iliac crest

D

The petromastoid portion is a part of which bone?

a. temporal

b. sphenoid

c. occipital

d. ethmoid

A

How much is the body rotated for the PA oblique projection of the sternoclavicular articulation (body rotation technique)?

a. 10 degrees

b. 20 degrees

c. 10 to 15 degrees

d. 20 to 30 degrees

C

When performing the PA oblique projection (body rotation technique) of the sternoclavicular articulations, which of the joints would be demonstrated?

a. both joints are demonstrated

b. the joint closest to the IR

c. the joint farthest from the IR

d. both joints—but varies depending on body habitus

B

What degree of x-ray tube angulation is required to demonstrate the sternum on a patient whose thorax measures 15 cm?

a. 20 degrees

b. 22 degrees

c. 28 degrees

d. 30 degrees

B

The 10 costochondral joints of the ribs are:

a. synovial-pivot

b. synovial-gliding

c. cartilaginous-symphysis

d. cartilaginous-synchondroses

D

Which of the following is true regarding the lateral projection of the skull?

1.) the midsagittal plane of the head is parallel to the plane of the IR

2.) the interpupillary line is perpendicular to the IR

3.) the mentomeatal line is parallel with the bottom edge of the IR

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

A

Which of the following body positions will project the left ribs clear of the heart?

1.) lateral

2.) LAO

3.) RPO

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

C

How far is the top of the 35- x 43-cm IR placed above the upper border of the shoulder for projections of the ribs?

a. 1 inch

b. 1.5 inches

c. 2 inches

d. 2.5 inches

B

Often a patient cannot be turned into the prone position for a PA axial projection of the skull (Caldwell method). What central-ray angle could be used if the AP axial projection is used instead?

a. 10 degrees caudad

b. 15 degrees cephalad

c. 10 to 15 degrees caudad

d. 10 to 15 degrees cephalad

B

What is the respiration phase for the AP projection of the ribs below the diaphragm?

a. suspended respiration

b. full inspiration

c. full expiration

d. slow, shallow breathing

C

For an SMV projection of the cranial base, the central ray should always be perpendicular to the:

a. mentomeatal line

b. orbitomeatal line

c. infraorbitomeatal line

d. acanthiomeatal line

C

How much is the body rotated for an AP or PA axillary projection of the ribs?

a. 30 degrees

b. 45 degrees

c. 20 to 30 degrees

d. 35 to 45 degrees

B

Which of the following should be seen superimposed on a lateral projection of the skull?

1.) orbital roofs

2.) external acoustic meati

3.) temporomandibular joints

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

D

Which ribs are demonstrated on an AP oblique projection?

a. upper ribs only

b. lower ribs only

c. side farthest from the IR

d. side closest to the IR

D

Which of the following are clearly demonstrated on an SMV projection of the cranial base?

1.) mastoid process

2.) sphenoid process

3.) carotid canals

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

B

The easy palpable superior border of the manubrium is called the:

a. body

b. xiphoid

c. sternal angle

d. jugular notch

D

The opening into the apex of the orbit for the transmission of the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery is called the:

a. optic canal

b. optic foramen

c. foramina ovale

d. foramina rotundum

B

What is the central-ray angulation for demonstration of the entire foramen magnum during an AP axial (Towne) projection?

a. 37 degrees caudad

b. 40 degrees caudad

c. 60 degrees caudad

d. 40 to 60 degrees caudad

D

Which of the following is clearly demonstrated within the foramen magnum during an AP axial (Towne) projection of the skull?

1.) dorsum sellae

2.) sella turcica

3.) posterior clinoid processes

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

B

Which method of examining the skull will demonstrate the petrous ridges in the orbits, the ethmoid and frontal sinuses, and the crista galli?

a. Towne

b. Caldwell

c. Schüller

d. Rhese

B

Which of the following is true regarding the placement of the IR for an AP axial (Towne) projection of the skull?

1.) its upper margin is at the level of the top of the cranium

2.) its upper margin is 2 inches above the top of the cranium

3.) its upper margin is 2 inches below the top of the cranium

a. 1 only

b. 2 only

c. 3 only

d. 1, 2, and 3

A

Which of the following methods will clearly demonstrate the petrous ridges, foramen magnum, dorsum sellae, and posterior clinical processes?

1.) Haas (PA axial)

2.) Towne (AP axial)

3.) Schüller (SMV)

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

A

If the infraorbitomeatal line is placed perpendicular to the IR during an AP axial (Towne) projection of the skull, how much is the central ray angled?

a. 15 degrees caudad

b. 30 degrees caudad

c. 37 degrees caudad

d. 45 degrees caudad

C

Which of the following foramina lie in the sphenoid bone?

1.) optic foramen

2.) jugular foramen

3.) foramina rotundum

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

B

The base of the temporal bone contains an opening through which the internal carotid artery passes and is termed the:

a. foramen spinosum

b. foramen ovale

c. foramen lacerum

d. jugular foramen

C

Which parts of the patient's face touch the table for a PA axial projection (Caldwell method)?

1.) forehead

2.) nose

3.) chin

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

A

Which of the following are demonstrated on an AP axial (Towne method) projection of the skull?

1.) petrous pyramids

2.) occipital bone

3.) posterior portion of the foramen magnum

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

D

The 12 costovertebral joints of the ribs are:

a. synovial-pivot

b. synovial-gliding

c. cartilaginous-symphysis

d. cartilaginous-synchondroses

B

What degree of x-ray tube angulation is required to demonstrate the sternum on a patient whose thorax measures 30 cm?

a. 12 degrees

b. 16 degrees

c. 19 degrees

d. 22 degrees

A

How is the IR positioned for a lateral sternum?

a. top of the IR is at C7-T1

b. top of the IR is at T3

c. top of the IR is 1.5 inches above the jugular notch

d. top of the IR is 2 inches above the jugular notch

C

To obtain a more uniform density, the respiration phase for the PA oblique projection of the sternoclavicular joints is:

a. inspiration

b. expiration

c. suspended respiration

d. slow, shallow breathing

B